1. Animal Cell Culture Presentation

2. TOPIC : Introduction to Establishment of Primary Culture and Disaggregation of Cells
INDEX
Primary Culture
Isolation of Explant
Disaggregation of Tissue
Mechanical Disaggregation
Enzymatic Disaggregation
EDTA treatment
Culture media
Physiological Conditions
Subculturing

3. Primary Culture :
It refers to the stage of the culture after the cells are isolated from the tissue and proliferated under appropriate conditions until they occupy all of the available substrate i.e., reach confluence
There are four stages :
Acquisition of the sample
Isolation of the tissue
Dissection and disaggregation
Culture after seeding into
the culture vessel

4. Steps Involved in Establishment of Primary Culture :
Isolation of Explant.
Disaggregation of Tissue
Culture Media
Physiological Conditions
Subculturing

5. Isolation of Explant :
Ethical issues must be taken care of during explant collection.
Protocols must be followed to avoid contamination.
Explants must be free of contamination.
Handling should be under aseptic conditions
Human explants must be collected only after the consent from donor and relatives.

6. Disaggregation of Tissue
Cell cultures are generally started from disaggregated explants, tissues can be disaggregated by following methods:
Mechanical Disaggregation :
The tissue is carefully chopped or sliced in small pieces pressing the dissected tissue through a series of sieves.
Alternatively forcing the tissue through a syringe
Cells grow from tissue pieces , which are then subcultured.
Gives cell suspension more quickly
Cause mechanical damage
Soft tissues respond well to this technique for example embryonic liver , spleen ,etc.
Time taken is very less.

7. Enzymatic Disaggregation :
Intercellular matrix and basement membranes contain glycoproteins like fibronectin which are protease sensitive , so enzymes can be used to disaggregate cells from tissues.
Commonly used enzymes are Trypsin , collagenase , heparinase , hyluronidases , pronases , dispases, etc.
Yields higher number of cells.
Embryonic tissue disperses more readily and gives a higher yield of proliferating cells than newborn or adult tissues.
Crude trypsin is by far most common enzyme used as it is tolerated quite well by many cells and is effective for many tissues.

8. Warm Trypsinization Method :
In this method exposure of cells to active trypsin at 37° C is minimized to preserve maximum viability, hence dissociated cells are collected every half an hour.
Trypsin is removed by centrifugation and neutralized with serum in medium.
Useful for disaggregation of large amount of tissue in a relatively short time.
Doesn’t work as well with adult tissue containing lots of fibrous connective tissues.
Mechanical agitation can be damaging to some more sensitive cell types such as epithilium
Time required is upto 4 hrs.
Number of viable cells is less.

10. Cold Trypsinization Method :
It is a simple method to minimize the damage to cells during the exposure to Trypsin
Tissue is soaked in Trypsin at 4° C for 6 – 18 hrs to allow penetration of the enzyme with little Tryptic activity.
Followed by disaggregation at 37°C for minutes.
This method gives a higher yield of viable cells.
It is more convenient as no stirring is required and incubation at 4°C may be done overnight.
Generally used in case of soft tissues like embryonic cells.

12. 3. EDTA Treatment :
Cell to cell adhesion is mediated by interacting glycopeptides or commonly called Cell Adhesion Molecules ( CAMs ).
Some of these adhesion molecules are calcium dependent and hence sensitive to chelating agents like EDTA.
Tissues like epithilium require Ca2+ for their integrity and hence can be easily disaggregated by treatment with EDTA prepared in Balanced Salt Solution.

13. Steps in Establishment of Primary Culture :

14. Culture Media :
Media used for culture of tissues must be able to support their survival and growth.
Choice of media depends on the type of cells to be cultured.
Normal cells and primary cultures from healthy tissues require defined quantities of proteins , growth factors and hormones.
Transformed cells can synthesize their own growth factors.
The various types of media are broadly classified as Natural media and Artificial media.

15. Physiological Conditions :
Osmolarity
Temperature pH
Gas phase
Foaming
Venting and Viscosity
Subculturing :
Process of transfer of cells from spent out media to fresh media
When primary culture is first subcultured it gives rise o secondary culture.

16. Thank you