2. Introduction to the blood module and its components

4. Functions of blood
Production of RBC, WBC, Platelets
Characteristics of blood cells
Hemostasis
Blood transfusion reactions
Immunity

5. Blood – Physical Characteristics
Volume
Adult ♂ 5-6L
Adult ♀ 4-5L
Viscosity 5 times the viscosity of water
pH – 7.45 (slightly alkaline)
Color
(oxygenated blood) scarlet red
(deoxygenated blood) deep red

6. Whole Blood Plasma Formed Elements (46-63%) (37-54%) Water (92%)
Plasma Proteins (7%)
Other Solutes (1%)
Red Blood Cells (99.9%)
Platelets
White Blood Cells
(0.1%)

7. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD 1. Nutrient function 2. Transportation of gases 3
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD 1.Nutrient function 2.Transportation of gases 3.Excretory function 4.Transportation of hormones and enzymes 5.Regulation of water balance 6.Regulation of acid base balance 7.Regulation of body temp. 8.Storage function

8. 9. Defensive function

9. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Most abundant blood cells
Count
Males ,000 ± 300,000/cmm
Females ,000 ± 300,000/cmm
Contain red pigment hemoglobin carrier of O2 and CO2
Each RBC is a biconcave disc
Diameter µm
Thickness µm
Centre 1µm

10. Erythrocyte diameters

11. Erythrocytes Why a biconcave disc?
Great excess of cell membrane for the quantity of material inside
Provides a large surface area for exchange of gasses
Enables them to bend and flex in small blood vessels
RBC bending to fit through a small capillary

12. Erythrocytes RBCs lack a nucleus and most other organelles.
Simply membranous bags of hemoglobin
Can deform to any shape
Diapedesis- squeeze through small pores

13. RBCs

14. Erythrocytes Life span only 120 days Viscosity of blood
No nucleus, No DNA & RNA
Cannot synthesize proteins for repair or growth
Irreparable cell membrane becomes fragile ruptures when passing through tight spots in spleen
Viscosity of blood

15. Erythrocytes Hemoglobin Carry Hb the biggest buffer in the blood
CO2 CO
Hb the biggest buffer in the blood
Carbonic anhydrase
CO2+H2O→H2CO3↔ H++HCO3-

16. RBC have the ability to concentrate upto 34 gms in each 100 ml of cells
1 gm of Hb combines with 1.34 ml of oxygen
Males 15 gms of Hb/100 ml of cells---20 ml of oxygen carried in 100 ml of cells
Females 14 gms of Hb/100 ml of cells---19 ml of oxygen carried in 100 ml of cells

17. Hemoglobin
The O2 binding and transporting protein found in extreme abundance in RBCs
Hb levels are reported in grams of Hb per 100mL of whole blood (g/dL).
14-18g/dL in adult ♂
12-16g/dL in adult ♀
14-20g/dL in infants

18. Hemoglobin Large protein MW 64000 4 polypeptides
2  chains and 2 β chains
Each chain heme, an iron-containing pigment
The iron ion in heme is able to reversibly bind an oxygen molecule.
O2 can bind to Hb in the lungs and then released in the tissues

19. Hemoglobin

20. Hemoglobin 92-95% Hb A (22) (MW 64,458)
 3-5% HbA1c (glycosylated 22)
 2-3% Hb A2 (22)
 1-2% Hb F (fetal 22)

21. Absolute values Total count Size Hemoglobin contents
♂ 5000,000 ± 300,000
♀ 4700,000 ± 300,000
Size
Diameter =7.8 µ
Outer edges = 2.5 µ
Centre = 1 µ
Hemoglobin contents
34 % of cell volume
♂ g/dl of whole blood
♀12-15 g/dl of whole blood

22. Absolute values Hematocrit O2 carrying capacity MCV 80-100 fl
♂ %
♀ %
O2 carrying capacity
Each molecule carries 4 O2
1 G Hb ml
100 ml of blood
♂ 20 ml
♀ 19 ml
MCV fl
MCH pg
MCHC g/dl

23. Types of plasma proteins
Albumin 4.5 – 5 g/dl
Globulin 2.0 – 3 g/dl
1 globulin
2 globulin
1 globulin
2 globulin
 globulin
Fibrinogen 0.2 – 0.45 g/dl
Total amount = 6-8 g/dl

24. Nutrition
Plasma proteins break down to supply Amino acids for different cells of the body
Synthesized constantly by the liver
10-12 grams of albumin turn over occurs in 24 hours

25. Viscosity  
Plasma proteins contribute towards the viscosity of the blood..
Excessive viscosity impedes the blood flow.

26. Osmotic pressure 28 mm Hg osmotic pressure
Albumin contribute about 80 % of it
Most abundant
Smallest molecule
Hypoproteinemia results into generalized edema because of low osmotic pressure
Nephrotic syndrome

27. Carrier function Albumin transports
Bilirubin
Hormones
Drugs
Thyroxin binding globulin and pre albumin carry thyroid hormone
Transcortin carries cortisol.
Lipoproteins carry lipids.
Ceruloplasmin carry copper
Transferrin carry iron
Haptoglobin binds with free hemoglobin

28. Blood coagulation
Most of the clotting factors are part of plasma proteins
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Labile factor
Stable factor
Christmas factor
Stuart Prower factor
Hageman factor
FSF

29. Blood coagulation
Anticoagulants
Heparin
Antithrombin

30. Buffer action The acceptance of H+ Ions is called buffer action.
15 % buffering capacity of the blood
At pH 7.4 (normal pH) mostly negatively charged and can combine with cations.

31. Immunity Antibodies are gamma globulins Immunoglobulins Ig G Ig M Ig A
Ig D
Ig E

32. Precursors of active substances
Some very important protein present in inactive form as part of plasma proteins
Activated for very important specific functions
Angiotensin
Erythropoietin

33. Enzymes Many circulating enzymes are also part of plasma proteins
Alkaline phosphatase
Acid phosphatase
AST aspatate amino transferase
ALT alanine amino transferase

34. MCQ The normal concentration of RBCs in an adult female is
a. 2,700,000/cubic mm
b. 5000/cubic mm
c. 5,200,000/cubic mm
d. 4,700,000/cubic mm
e. 30,000 / cubic mm

35. The diameter of a biconcave disc of RBC is

36. Thank-you
Questions ??