1. The quiz Ch 54: Community Ecology – help, harm, no effect
Mimicry
Trophic pyramid, energy transfer, food webs
Keystone, engineers, all vocabulary
Ecological succession
Ch 55: Ecosystems: Trophic levels, primary production, The cycles, bioremediation, biological restoration
Ch 56: Endangered and Threatened, Invasive Species, Habitat Loss, Overharvesting, Global change, biomagnification, eutrophication, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, sustainable

2. Chapter 51 Animal Behavior
Will post powerpoint and behavior video links under class page > resources.
Chapter 51 Animal Behavior
HW: How do females choose a mate? Article with questions
Quiz Tmrw – Community Ecology, Ecosystems, Conservation, Restoration, Human Impact, Climate Change

3. Ch. 51 Warm-Up Definitions
Term: A behavior that you have learned by watching someone else.
List the 4 modes of animal communication.
Term: Very small mallard chicks following their mother.
What do you think is the advantage for a species to be: Monogamous? Polygamous?
Describe an example of when you have participated in reciprocal altruism.
1. Learned behavior 2. Pheromones
Morality in Animals

4. You Must Know: How behaviors are the result of natural selection
How innate and learned behaviors increase survival and reproductive fitness
How organisms use communication to increase fitness
The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection

5. Introduction Ethology: study of animal behavior
Behavior: what an animal does and how it does it
Both genetic & environmental factors
Controlled by nervous system
Essential for survival and reproduction
Homeostasis
Subject to natural selection over time

6. Sensory Inputs Stimulate Behaviors

7. Understanding behavior
Proximate cause: “how” a behavior occurs or is modified, internal/external signals
Ultimate cause: “why” a behavior in context of natural selection, evolution, selective advantage
1. What are the genetic/developmental mechanisms? (Proximate cause)
2. What are the anatomical/physiological mechanisms? (Proximate cause)
3. What historical pathways led to the current behavioral trait? (Ultimate cause)
4. What selective processes shaped the behavioral trait? (Ultimate cause)

8. Bird Migration Proximate – changes in daylight, hormone levels
Ultimate - Migration for the bird means that it has a selective advantage over birds that don't, selected for over time, could be due to long term climate changes, glaciation, disease, taking advantage of food sources, etc.

9. Innate behaviors: developmentally fixed and are not learned
Fixed action patterns (FAPs): sequence of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and usually carried to completion
Triggered by sign stimulus
Ensures that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice
Eg. goose & egg

10. BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.

11. Directed Movements
Kinesis: simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus
Taxis: automatic movement, oriented movement +/- from stimulus (eg. phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis)
Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay
in a moist environment.
Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction
from which most food comes.

12. Ant Colonies

13. Migration Regular, long-distance change in location
Environmental cues: sun, stars, earth’s magnetic field, landmarks

14. Circadian Rhythm: internal biological clock
The circadian clock in the hamster brain signals a change in coat color according to season by releasing the hormone melatonin.
The Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) region is located in the hypothalamus of the brain. The SCN sends signals throughout the body in response to dark and light.
Plants can have two internal clocks: one sensitive to light and the other sensitive to temperature
More on Clock Genes:

15. Forms of Animal Communication

16. Courtship behavior of fruit flies
Signal: stimulus that causes a change in behavior; basis of animal communication
Pheromones – chemicals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species (eg. Queen bee, fruit fly, fish, termites, trees, humans)
Visual signals – eg. Warning flash of white of a mockingbird's wing
Tactile (touch) – eg. Male fruit fly taps female fly
Auditory signals – screech of blue jay or song of warbler
Courtship behavior of fruit flies

17. Pheromones: When a minnow or catfish is injured
Sweaty T-Shirt Experiment
Pheromones:
When a minnow or catfish is injured
An alarm substance in the fish’s skin disperses in the water, inducing a fright response among fish in the area
Figure 51.9a, b
(a) Minnows are widely dispersed in an aquarium before an alarm substance is introduced.
(b) Within seconds of the alarm substance being introduced, minnows aggregate near the bottom of the aquarium and reduce their movement.

18. Honeybee dance language
Used to inform other bees about distance and direction of travel to food sources
HoneyBee Waggle Dance

19. Fruit Fly: Uses many forms of communication

20. Animals communicate, but do they have a language?
Beluga Whale Mimics Human Speech

21. Learning links behaviors and experiences.

22. Learned behaviors: behaviors that are modified based on specific experiences

23. Types of Learning
Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information
Simple form of learning
Imprinting: learning + innate components
Limited to sensitive period in life, generally irreversible
ie. Lorenz’ imprinting in greylag geese
Twin Studies: Nature vs. Nurture

24. BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

25. Captive breeding programs for endangered species must provide proper imprinting models
Pilot wearing crane suit acts as a surrogate parent to teach young whooping cranes a migration route

26. 3. Spatial Learning
Cognitive Map: internal representation of spatial relationship among objects in an animal’s surroundings (Increases fitness)
Birds use spatial maps to relocate nut caches
Female digger wasp: Covers hole with sand, Flies directly to it

27. Nest
No nest
Some organisms move in response to a recognized object or environmental cue, a landmark.

28. 4. Associative Learning: ability to associate one stimulus with another (eg. monarchs = foul taste) A. Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome (eg. Pavlov’s dogs: salivate with ringing bell)
EX: Pavlov’s dogs
Classical Conditioning in The Office on Vimeo

29. B. Operant conditioning: another type of associative learning
Trial-and-error learning
Associate its own behavior with reward or punishment

30. 5. Cognition: process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, judgment
Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition

31. 6. Social learning: learning by observing others
Vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls.

32. Social Learning Forms Culture
Social learning and teaching that influences behavior
Cultural transfer of information can alter behavior and fitness
Influences our brain function and structure
Language has the biggest impact
There is no better or worse human culture.
Emulate the noblest aspects of every culture and try to learn
The benefits to brain development or reproduction (survival) would surely be just as great in exploring others' ways of life as immersing oneself in a single nation's or group's traditions

33. Examples of learned animal behavior
Nut-cracking crow (2:16)
TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows (11:34)
Chimpanzee problem solving (1:02)
Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation (2:14)
The Morals of Monkeys (16:52)

34. Selection for survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
A shift from how to why.

35. Foraging: food-obtaining behavior
Recognize, search for, capturing, and consuming food
Minimize costs / Maximize benefits

36. Forgaging: Costs and Benefits can help to explain WHY
Shows the average number of drops required to break whelks from various platforms.

37. Mating Behavior & Mate Choice
Sexual selection: seeking and attracting mates, choosing and competing for mates
Promiscuous
Monogamous
Polygamous (polygynous)
Polyandry
Partners
Many
One
1 M + many F
1F + many M
Structure
Showy
Similar
Showy male
Showy female
Care
None
Much
Male = little
Male = none

39. Courting Rituals Birds of Paradise Australian Bowerbird
Ornaments correlate in general with health and vitality
Birds of Paradise
Australian Bowerbird
Rainbow Courtship
Begging for Love
Out of your league?
Finch: Song and Beak, Peacock: Male feathers, Bald Eagle: Dance together

40. Agonistic behavior: threats, rituals, and sometimes combat; settles disputes over resources (mates)

41. Behaviors can be directed by genes
Certain behaviors in prairie voles are under relatively strong genetic control
ADH (vasopressin) triggers pair- bond formation and aggression by male voles

42. Differences in oxytocin (a hormone) receptors in 2 species of voles
Monogamous prairie voles vs. promiscuous montane voles
High oxytocin levels in prairie voles
Low oxytocin levels in montane voles

43. Altruistic social behavior
Altruism = selfless behavior
Reduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others in population
i.e. bee societies; naked mole rats
Inclusive fitness: total effect of producing own offspring (pass on genes) + helping close relatives
Kin selection: type of natural selection; altruistic behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives

44. What does this mean? Explain.
Geneticist J.B.S. Haldane: “I won’t lay down my life for one brother, but I would lay down my life for two brothers or eight cousins.”

45. Review Question
Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive behaviors. For each of the following types of behaviors, describe an example in nature, and justify how this behavior is adaptive.
Innate behavior
Learned behavior
Cooperative behavior
Chemical signals

46. Did you get it?
If an egg rolls out of the nest, a mother grayleg goose will retrieve it by nudging with her beak and head. IF researchers remove the egg or substitute a ball during this process, the goose will not alter her response. What type of behavior is this? Suggest a proximate and an ultimate explanation.

47. Class is only 60 minutes today!!
Please grab:
Poster Directions, Sample Poster Sheet, Rubric
Over on Lab Bench #1
When your entire group (4 people) has arrived – you can start.
I will check the pre-lab questions while you are working.
Each group takes a minimum of 5 pillbugs (max of ten)
Each group needs an experimental hypothesis and null hypothesis.
Today: Plan and Execute
Tomorrow: Poster

48. Gobble. Gobble. Agenda: FRQ Practice 1-4 Reminder to study!
Use your notes, old quizzes, math practice, podcasts and Learnerator.
Test on November 30th