1. BARRIERS TO DIFFUSION
TIME and DISTANCE DECAY – farther from the source & the more time it takes, the less likely innovation adopted
CULTURAL BARRIERS – some practices, ideas, innovations are not acceptable/adoptable in a particular culture – e.g. pork, alcohol, contraceptives…
PHYSICAL BARRIERS – physical barriers on the surface may prohibit/inhibit adoption

2. RELOCATION DIFFUSION
Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population. (de Blij/Murphy – 7th ed., page R-26)

3. Expansion Diffusion EXPANSION DIFFUSION
Spread of an innovation/idea through a population in an area in such a way that the # of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.
(de Blij/Murphy – 7th ed., page R-20)

4. Structural assimilation measures the ability of a minority group to fully integrate into the host society

5. Ahimsa is a religious tenet shared by Hinduism and Buddhism that discourages violence against others

6. Acculturation
Acculturation – when smaller/weaker groups take on traits of the larger/dominant culture. Can be 2-way process – e.g. Aztecs acculturated into Spanish culture, but some Aztec traits remained and became Spanish culture.

7. The adobe house is ideally suited for a diurnal climate characterized by hot daytime temperatures and cold nighttime temperatures because its thick earthen walls absorb heat in the day and release it at night. This is why adobe is a vernacular architectural style common to the American Southwest, where a diurnal climate is present

8. Folk Culture
Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities
Examples?
Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites
Select areas of LDCs

9. Popular Culture
Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today’s changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies.
Examples?
Blue jeans
Hip Hop

10. Folk cultures are more homogeneous than popular cultures because they belong to smaller groups of individuals who share a common local environment, a common history, and common values. Unlike popular cultures, folk cultures are more insulated, less exposed to outside influences, and less liable to frequent changes over time

11. A dialect is a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. A dialect represents a cultural trait, a single aspect of an overarching cultural complex

12. Neolocalism – seeking out regional culture and reinvigorating it (ex
Neolocalism – seeking out regional culture and reinvigorating it (ex. Little Sweden in Kansas)
Commodification of a culture can compromise authenticity becoming a stereotype –examples?
Cherokee
Branson, Mo
Guinness and the Irish Pub Co.

13. A built industrial landscape that shows evidence of abandonment, disinvestment, and general neglect is considered derelict. Derelict landscapes can range from vacant housing complexes in disrepair to abandoned factories to littered and overgrown recreational fields

14. Distance Decay Graph
Learn to think about distance decay in a “spatial” context
Think of distance decay in terms of an ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis

15. A dogtrot house, which features a covered breezeway situated in between two separately enclosed cabins, was a popular vernacular house style in the American South before air-conditioning. The central breezeway, which channeled air currents through the covered space, provided a relatively cool, partially enclosed living area during summer months

16. Landmarks are distinctive points of reference, such as a clock tower or billboard sign, that help individuals orient themselves in familiar space

17. Nodes are points of intersection, such as a bridge or city square, which help individuals navigate through familiar spaces

18. Local Culture
Local culture – group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others

20. Kinds of Expansion Diffusion
Hierarchical Diffusion – spread of an idea through an established structure usually from people or areas of power down to other people or areas

21. Examples of Hierarchical Diffusion
iPhones (as do most new technologies) diffused hierarchically. iPhones, though cheaper, may still be too expensive for most consumers to buy; therefore diffusing hierarchically
AIDS is typically viewed as hierarchical because if its historically distinctive URBAN to URBAN diffusion pattern
Fashion trends diffuse classically from URBAN to URBAN area

22. This is a map of the diffusion of _______
This is a map of the diffusion of _______? Human Geography, Knox & Marston, 2nd Edition – page 45

23. Expansion Diffusion
Contagious Diffusion – spread of an idea/trait/concept through a group of people or an area equally without regard to social class, economic position or position of power.

24. Diagram of Contagious Diffusion Human Geography, deBlij & Murphy, 7th ed. Page 28
‘A’ is a diagram of contagious diffusion. Notice virtually all ‘adopt.’
‘B’ is a diagram of hierarchical diffusion. Notice the leapfrogging over some areas.

25. Expansion Diffusion
Stimulus Diffusion – the spread of an underlying principle even though the characteristic itself does not spread. OR
Stimulus Diffusion - involves the transfer of an underlying concept or idea, without the specific accompanying traits due to some cultural or other barrier to the movement of the idea

26. An example of Stimulus Diffusion
McDonald’s spread to India; however, Indian Hindus do not eat beef. Indian McDonald’s serve veggie burgers, which is culturally acceptable. The idea (McDonald’s burgers) was acceptable, but not in its original form – hence stimulus diffusion.
                              

27. Relocation Diffusion
This occurs when the people migrate and take their cultural attributes with them.

28. Relocation and Expansion – In Review Human Geography, Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 8th ed. Page 55
‘A’ is relocation diffusion as the person goes.
‘B’ is expansion diffusion as the idea/trait moves or transports.

29. AIDS and Relocation Diffusion
Some authors suggest AIDS diffuses through relocation diffusion. This is true by the fact that the diffusers “take” the disease with them. However, AIDS is not contracted by everyone in its path. More importantly, the pattern of AIDS diffusion is more classically hierarchical (and therefore expansion).

30. Migrant Diffusion (a form of Relocation Diffusion)
Migrant Diffusion is when an innovation originates and enjoys strong, but brief, adoption there. The innovation may travel long distances (& be thriving), but could be faded out back at the point of origination – e.g. influenza in China will reach the U.S., but the epidemic could be over in China by the time it takes hold in the U.S.

31. One more look…Wal-Mart as both contagious and reverse hierarchical diffusion – WHY? Human Geography, Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 8th Ed. Page 57

32. How about another example of reverse hierarchical diffusion?

33. What about Soccer?

34. Nicholas Christakis: How social networks predict epidemics http://www

35. Random Thoughts on Diffusion
Expansion Diffusion
Contagious
Does not need have a specific pre-existing structure for transmission
Disease contagion is a prime example
Don’t forget the orange scent spreading around the room
Hierarchical
requires a pre-established structure to channel the flow ie 'chain of command' or network of power
Relocation Diffusion
Movement of people and things
Europeans moved to the Americas and brought their culture with them

36. How did you become a “knower” of your favorite kind of music?
Where is its hearth?
How did it reach you?
What type of diffusion?

37. Assimilation – the minority population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society
Acculturation - cultural modification or change that results when one culture group adopts traits of a dominant society; cultural development or change through “borrowing
In The Kite Runner, how well did the Afghans adapt to America?

38. Rural Local Cultures Hutterites Branch of Anabaptists
absolute pacifism
Live in rural, self-sufficient “colonies”
Forbid use tv, radio
Usually only 1
telephone for the
community
Avoid pictures

40. Urban Local Cultures Ethnic Neighborhoods – Hasidic Jews Pious
Distinctive clothes
Speak Yiddish
Do not watch tv, but will listen to radio
Other Urban Local Culture examples
Italian neighborhoods, Chinatowns, Mexican, Russian, Polish

42. Makah American Indians
Early culture included whale hunting
However, whale hunting in the 17th – 19th century became increasingly commercial and detrimental to the whale population
1946 – International Whaling Commission instituted regulations
1990’s – Makah American Indians, Washington reinstated whale hunting facing much protest
1999 – whale killed but not in traditional way with canoes and harpoons, but according to IWC regulations a .50 caliber rifle

43. Material folk culture regions
Each region possesses many distinctive items of material culture
Quebec French folk region-grist windmills with stone towers, and a bowling game played with small metal balls
Mormon folk culture — distinctive hay derricks and gridiron farm villages
Western plains ranching folk culture — the “beef wheel,” a windlass used during butchering

44. Quebec
Petanque, a bowling game played with metal balls, diffused to Canada with French immigrants in the 16th century. It has persisted as one aspect of Quebec French folk region.

45. FOLK LIFE Material Culture - Artifacts Physical, Visible Things
Musical Instruments, Furniture, Tools, Buildings
The Built Environment – the landscape created
The Contents of Houses & Shops

46. Nonmaterial Culture
Mentifacts & Sociofacts
Oral Traditions, Folk Songs, Stories, Philosophies
Includes beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people
Mentifacts represent the ideas and beliefs of a culture, for example religion, language or law
Sociofacts represent the social structures of a culture, such as tribes or families.
artifact is a human-made object which gives information about the culture of its creator and users

47. Music American folk music began as transplants of Old World songs
Northern song
Featured unaccompanied solo signing in clear hard tones
Featured Fiddle or fife-and-drum
Southern, Backwoods, and Appalachian song
Featured unaccompanied high pitch and nasal solo singing
Marked by moral and emotional conflict
Roots of country music
Western song
Factual, narrative songs
Themes of natural beauty, personal valor, and feminine purity
Some songs reworked as lumberjack ballads

49. Country and Western music
Impact of migration of Upland Southern folk on bluegrass music
Migrated to Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma plus the Depression era movement of “Okies” and “Arkies” to the Central Valley of California
Provided natural areas for bluegrass expansion in the mid-twentieth century

50. Food and drink Local cuisine based on what is available
Also is based on local customs
Ex. Geophagy – eating dirt,
common in Africa & southern United States,
may counteract digestive issues,
common among pregnant women

52. Folk food regions
Mexico—abundant use of chili peppers in cooking and maize for tortillas
Caribbean areas — combined rice-bean dishes and various rum drinks
Amazonian region — monkey and caiman
Brazil — cuscuz (cooked grain) and sugarcane brandy
Pampas style — carne asada (roasted beef), wine and yerba mate (herbal tea)
Pacific-coastal Creole — manjar blanco (a pudding)

53. Folk food regions
Latin American foods derive from Amerindians, Africans, Spaniards, and Portuguese
Pattern of Latin American is not simple and culinary regions are not as homogeneous as the map we saw suggests

55. Folklore regions
Displays regional contrasts in much the same way as material folk culture
Folk geographers consider diverse nonmaterial phenomena as folktales, dance, music, myths, legends, and proverbs
Most thoroughly studied in Europe
First research appeared early in the nineteenth century
We know more about vanished folk cultures than surviving ones
Example of Switzerland

57. Local Culture