1. Synthesis and Characterization of bio lubricants from non–traditional vegetable oils. Department of Industrial Chemistry Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research (ISTAR) Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujrat, India. Presented by : Tirth M. Panchal (Ph.D. Scholar) Research Guide: Dr. Jigar V. Patel

2. A brief idea about lubricants
A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between moving surfaces. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. (Slipperiness)

3. Traditional Lubricating grease
Greases mainly contains three basic active ingredients
A Base oil.
2. A Thickener (lithium soap, calcium soap, aluminum soap, etc.)
Additives (anti-oxidants, rust and corrosion inhibitors, tackifiers, etc.)

4. Abstract
Renewable feedstock's are bound to gradually replace sources of fossil origin both as fuel and as raw materials for the chemical industry. The reason behind using renewable resources instead of petroleum oil is that they are environment friendly, economically cheaper and hence sustainable indeed.
Also from the application point of view vegetable oils have viscosity indices, thermal stability, high flash and fire points and low co-efficient of friction.
Vegetable oil can be chemically modified by transesterifying it with various alcohols. This modified vegetable oil was used as base oil in formulating bio based grease.
The bio based grease prepared from tobacco seed oil was evaluated for its tribological properties and was found to be fit for the application.

5. Introduction
Lubricants are essential machine elements, which are vital for efficient transportation and industrial production, and contribute enormously to energy savings and the fuel economy. Most lubricants used today, in thousands of different technical applications, are traditionally still mineral oil-based.
In the last few years interest & activity has grown up around the globe to find a substitute of fossil fuel. According to the World Energy Outlook 2010 (International Energy Agency), global energy use will further increase by 36% from 2008 to 2035, of which 50% is accounted for by fossil-based resources. This has enormous implications for the environment and will endanger climate control.
Global grease consumption is estimated at 1,296 KT of which industrial applications accounts for 691 KT. Mineral oil based greases account for close to 90% of the global demand, while 9 % of synthetic esters are used and only 1% of bio degradable base oils are used for manufacturing of greases. It is assumed that global consumption of grease in industrial application will be up to 758 KT till 2017.

6. The search for environmentally friendly materials that have potential to substitute for mineral oil in various industrial applications is nowadays being considered a top priority research topic.
Bio-based lubricants are part of an overall green chemistry solution for obtaining better, environmentally safer and more economical lubrication, and for creating efficiencies in manufacturing plants, end products, or in-house fleets and maintenance programmes. Development of bio-based high-performance lubricants requires insight in the relationship between physicochemical and tribological properties of the bio-based ingredients.
Use of renewable resources makes the society as well as country economically stable. Also for the countries whose economy is purely based on agriculture, gets build up rapidly.

7. Petroleum based lubricants
Background and Motivation
Petroleum based lubricants
 Mineral based
 Finite resources
 Increasing price
 Not completely biodegradable
 High toxic content
 50 % released into the environment
 Use
 Spills
 Disposal

8. The above discussed problems can be solved by using vegetable oils instead of mineral oil as they are:
1. Easily available
2. Non toxic and easily bio degradable
3. Low volatility.
4. Can be produced easily

9. Life Cycle of Bio-Based Lubricants

10. Chemical Modifications
Crude Oil
Extraction
Crude
Oil
Agriculture
Oil Extraction
Oil
System Boundary
System Boundary
lubricant
Vacuum
Distillation
lubricant
Lube
Distillate
based
Chemical Modifications
Lube Oil
Processing
Biobased
Mineral
Lubricant
Lube
stock
Use
Use
Pollution, Toxicity
Biodegradability
Disposal
Disposal

11. Modified vegetable oils as lubricants
Chemical modifications of vegetable oils makes them fit to work as base stock for lubricating grease without any thickener.
Which ultimately decreases the pollution and other problems related to petroleum.

12. Vegetable oil can be used as lubricants by chemically modifying their structures using various unit processes such as:
Esterification.
Epoxidation.
Estolide formation.

13. Esterification

14. Results of Co-efficient of friction analysis
Sample
Co-efficient of friction
Dry condition
0.385
Hexyl Ester of Neem Oil
0.105
Octyl Ester of Neem Oil
0.022
Neo-pentyl glycol ester of Neem Oil
0.029
Hexyl Ester of Karanja Oil
0.118
Octyl Ester of Karanja Oil
0.112
Neo-pentyl Ester of Karanja Oil
0.072
All-purpose grease(standard)
0.102

15. Comparative data of TGA at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 Celsius respectively
Sample
500 Celsius
1000 Celsius
1500 Celsius
2000 Celsius
Hexyl Ester of Neem Oil
99.733%
98.237%
95.542%
83.724%
Octyl Ester of Neem Oil
99.944%
97.293%
93.394%
82.606%
Neo-pentyl glycol ester of Neem Oil
99.983%
95.956%
89.432%
74.979%
Hexyl Ester of Karanja Oil
99.959%
99.310%
97.868%
88.482%
Octyl Ester of Karanja Oil
99.895%
99.759%
96.462%
76.462%
Neo-pentyl Ester of Karanja Oil
99.926%
92.342%
79.530%
69.241%
All-purpose grease(standard)
99.904%
90.983%
72.953%
54.372%

16. Viscosity analysis Sample Absolute Viscosity @ 40 degree Celsius
(Centipoise)
Absolute 100 degree Celsius
Kinematic 40 degree Celsius
(Centistoke)
Kinematic 100 degree Celsius
Viscosity Index
Hexyl Ester of Neem Oil
40,000
11,600
634.87
Octyl Ester of Neem Oil
22,000
9000
680.83
Neo-pentyl glycol ester of Neem Oil
10,000
8000
806.26
Hexyl Ester of
Karanja Oil
6000
3000
660.28
Octyl Ester of
46,000
354.45
Neo-pentyl Ester of Karanja Oil
12,000
1000
315.32
All-purpose grease(standard)
1,10,000
21,000
600.09

17. Conclusion:
Vegetable oil methyl esters were successfully trans-esterified using various alcohols viz. Hexanol, Octanol and Neo-Pentyl Glycol.
These esters were found to have comparable and satisfactory thermal stability compared to mineral oil based all purpose grease product.
Thus, these esters derived from vegetable oil- a renewable source, can be used as base stock to formulate lubricating grease.
Use of such natural resource for deriving a value added product like lubricants can eliminate various problems related to environment and depletion of finite resources.

18. “Earth is not gifted to you by your parents, it is loaned to you by your childrens”
Thank You. Contact Details: Dr. Jigar V. Patel Mr. Tirth M.Panchal Mobile No: Mobile No: