1. The Vertebrate Animals
Animals that have bones that form a backbone or spinal column.

2. All Vertebrates are Chordates Phylum chordata!
Chordates ALL have 4 characteristics sometime during their lives
a notochord
nerve cord
gill slits
a tail

3. Chordate Characteristics

5. 99% of chordates are vertebrates - Characteristics of Vertebrates
Bilateral Symmetry with 2 pairs of appendages
Cephalization (sense organs concentrated in a head region)
True body cavity
closed circulatory system.
Endoskeleton including a vertebral column
Well developed body systems – internal organs

6. Characteristics of Vertebrates
Vertebral Column
Replaces notochord
Protects dorsal nerve chord
Built from cartilage or bone
Strong, flexible rod that muscles pull against while swimming or running.
Separate vertebrate enhance ability to move quickly

7. Characteristics of Vertebrates
Neural Crest
A group of cells that develop from the nerve chord
Features develop from neural crest:
Brain and skull
Certain sense organs
Nerve fibers

8. Comparative Numbers of Species

9. Classes of Vertebrates
Fish
Jawless fish
Cartilaginous Fishes
Bony Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

10. Characteristics of Fish Activity pages 822-827

11. Characteristics of Fish
Jaws
Allow them to prey on larger range of animals
More powerful
Grasp prey and quickly crush them
Biting defense against predators

12. Characteristics of Fish
Paired fins
Give stability
Reduce the chances of rolling to side
Allow for precise steering
Scales
Made of bone
Thin and flexible
4 types-ctenoid, cycloid, placoid & ganoid

13. Characteristics of Fish
Gills
Where oxygen in water diffuses into blood
Composed of
Thin filaments
Lamellae – have many blood vessels
Flow of blood is opposite the flow of water
Operculum – moveable flap that covers gills
Aid in pumping water

14. Characteristics of Fish
Circulation
Blood moves in a one way loop
Heart  Gills  Body (deliver Oxygen)
Heart – 2 chambers
Atrium – receives blood from body
Ventricle – pumps blood to gills

15. Characteristics of Fish
Feeding & Digestion
Swallow food whole
Esophagus to stomach
Some have pyloric ceca
Small pouches secrete enzymes
Liver, pancreas and gallbladder add digestive juices
Must get amino acids from food

16. Characteristics of Fish
Excretion
Wastes filtered by kidneys
Nephron – main filtering unit
Some wastes excreted by gills
Must balance salt and water in both freshwater and salt water fish

17. Characteristics of Fish
Brain and Senses
Receptors to sense smell – detect chemicals
Color vision
Lateral line
Detect the slightest movements
Keep upright and balanced

18. Characteristics of Fish
Reproduction
Majority – external fertilization
Spawning – release gamates near each other in water.
Produce millions of egg
No care by parent fish
Male sergeant fish
Prey to some animals
Sharks – internal fertilization

19. Characteristics of Fish
Nemo clip

20. Characteristics of Fish
Movement
Streamlined shape
Mucus lubricates body – reduces friction
Fins – steer
Swim bladder – gas-filled space
Control depth
Move in an s-shaped pattern

21. Classes of Fish
Jawless fish
Cartilaginous Fishes
Bony Fish

22. Class Agnatha - Jawless Fish
Primitive, no paired fins
no bone, all cartilage
Lamprey – a parasite
Hagfish – scavenger, also called slime eel.
Produce slime when threatened

23. Class Agnatha – Jawless Fish

25. Class Chondrichthyes - Cartilage Fish
Sharks, skates, rays species
Jaws with teeth
Possesses 5-7 gills
No swim bladder
Heteroceral tail
Massive liver (up to half body weight)
Lateral line
skin with tooth-like scales

26. Class Chondrichthyes Cartilage Fish
                                                
                

28. Class Placodermi Totally fossil, early jawed fishes;
Bony armor usually present around head-trunk, generally flattened body, tend to be bottom-adapted with eyes rather dorsal (other various designs);
No true teeth
Notochord persistent, un-constricted.

30. Class Osteichthyes – Bony Fish
20-30,000 species
Appeared 400 million years ago
Bony skeleton – paired fins
Lateral line
4 paired gilled arches and gill cover
Most lay eggs
Eyes usually on the side of the head

31. Class Osteichthyes – Bony Fish
Homocercal tail
Cold blooded, swim bladder, flat scales
3 types of scales

32. Basic Fish Structure

33. Bony Fish

34. Fish Diversity

35. White mouthed morey Achilles tang trumpetfish Domino damsel
Trigger (Humu)
White mouthed
morey
Porcupine
Dwarf moray
Achilles tang
trumpetfish

36. Walleye, Northerns, Perch, Bass, Bullheads, Trout, etc.

37. Class Osteichthyes, the bony fishes
Subclass Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes
Superorder Chondrostei, the primitive ray-finned bony fishes: sturgeons, paddlefish, and bichirs
Superorder Holostei or Neopterygii, the intermediate ray-finned fishes: gars and the bowfin
Superorder Teleostei or Neopterygii, the advanced bony fishes: herring, salmon, perch.
Subclass Crossopterygii, the coelacanth
Subclass Dipnoi or Dipneusti, the lungfishes

38. Coelacanth
Thought to be extinct 80 million years ago Found in 1938 off the coast of the Comoro Islands

39. Coelacanth Anatomy
Unsegmented notochord
Rostral organ
Intercranial joint
Fat filled swim bladder
Ovoviviparous

40. Anatomical Similarities:
To sharks
To Fish
Spiral valve intestine
Give birth to live young
Long cartilaginous tube instead of backbone
bony head
teeth
scales

41. The coelacanth’s phylogenetic classification remains inconclusive
Anatomical Similarities to Tetrapods:
fat filled lung
fleshy lobed-fins
circulatory system
inner ear
intracranial joint- a feature once found in ancient frogs
The coelacanth’s phylogenetic classification remains inconclusive

42. Class Amphibia

44. Class Amphibia 2000 species, appeared 350 million years ago.
Cold-blooded, moist skin, lungs, no claws
Lay jellylike eggs - Returns to water to breed
90% are frogs and toads
Some are toxic – poison dart frog
Life cycle includes a
larval stage - metamorphosis

45. Class Amphibia
Metamorphosis

46. Amphibians Mudpuppy newt (salamander) salamander Poison arrow frog
Rana cancrivora
Coqui

47. Amphibians

49. Class Amphibia “Canaries in the Coal Mine” Habitat destruction
Introduced species
Pollution
Pesticide use
Diseases
Over-harvesting
Climate change
Increased UV radiation

50. Class Amphibia
One-third of the world's 5,918 known amphibian species are classified as threatened with extinction.
More than 120 species have likely gone extinct since 1980.

51. Frog Dissection

52. Class Reptila

53. Reptiles 6500 species, appeared 300 mya Cold-blooded 3 chambered heart
Body covered with scales. Dry skin
Carnivorous
Breathe with lungs
Include crocodilians, lizards and snakes, turtles

54. Reptiles Hard shelled eggs, internal fertilization – NO metamorphosis
Amniotic Eggs (4 layers)
Yolk sac (food)
allantois (waste)
amnion (fluid)
chorion (gases)

55. Reptiles

56. Class Reptilia Saltwater crocodile Marine iguana Marine turtle
Sea snake

57. Class AVES - birds

59. Class Aves - Birds 8600 species, appeared 130 million years ago.
Warm blooded, 4 chambered heart
Sizes (less than a pound to over 300#)
Eggs – hard egg shell
Lungs have air sacs

60. The skeletons of birds have several adaptations that make them light, flexible, but strong.
The bones are honeycombed to reduce weight without sacrificing much strength.

61. AVES - Birds Adaptations for flight. Many migrate
feathers – feathered dinosaurs
crop
oil glands
hollow bones
fused skeleton
Many migrate

62. Birds

63. The Geese Return Aldo Leopold Identification of Flying Birds

64. Class mammalia

65. Mammals First appeared 180 million years ago
4500 species, most are placental.
2 primitive orders; monotremes and marsupials

66. Mammals Diaphragm Hair or fur Mammary glands Lips
Different kinds of teeth
External ears

68. Warm Blooded Animals Regulate body temperature Have insulation
Produce heat
Need larger amounts of food
Have larger oxygen needs
Hypothalamus (brain part controlling temp.)

69. Class Mammalia Subclasses Protheria- echidna & platypus
Metatheria- marsupial
Eutheria- true mammals
A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia
The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth!
Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands.
Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates.
Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others).
Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more.
Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization.
The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance.
Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas
Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata
Order Microbiotheria
Order Dasyuromorphia
Order Peramelemorphia
Order Notoryctemorphia
Order Diprotodontia
Subclass Eutheria (placentals)
Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc.
Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews
Order Scandentia -- tree shrews
Order Dermoptera -- colugos
Order Chiroptera --bats
Order Primates --primates
Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters
Order Pholidota -- pangolins
Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas
Order Rodentia -- rodents
Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Order Carnivora -- carnivores
Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark
Order Proboscidea -- elephants
Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes
Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees
Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs
Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.

70. Prototherians (Monotremes): Cretaceous-Recent
Egg-laying, aquatic predators on arthropods and worms
Milk oozes from the skin (no breasts).
Hair
Ear bones shift from lower jaw to skull during embryonic development.
Electroreception

71. Metatheria (Marsupials): Cretaceous-Recent
Pouched mammals.
Born as gross little embryos.  Crawl into pouch, attach to nipple, and develop.
Cretaceous ones were fairly opossum-like in their ecology.  Later ones are more diverse.
Today, they are most diverse on Australia and South America.
They share complex type of molar tooth shape with Placental mammals.

72. (a) A young brushtail possum

73. Eutheria (Placentals): Cretaceous-Recent
Nourish their young internally with a placenta
Placentals give birth to offspring that are more "adult" like and independent. Cretaceous ones were shrew-like in their ecology. 
Later placentals are spectacularly diverse.

74. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

75. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

76. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

77. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

78. The Vertebrate Animals