1. WELCOME BACK!

2. Ready? Set? THINK!!! Sketch a political map of the United States.
No. REALLY!

5. On a different scale… Now sketch a map of the world.
Yes, I am serious!

9. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

10. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

11. AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS Upper SE Asian Mainland Meso-America
Lower SE Asian Mainland
Eastern India
SWA
East African Highlands
Meso-America
North-Central China
Mediterranean Basin
Western Sudan
Andean Highlands
Eastern South America

12. AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES
Nigerian women spread seeds
Slash and burn in Peru
Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

13. AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

14. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Hunting & Gathering
Shifting Cultivation
(slash-and-burn)
Pastoral Nomadism

15. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Subsistence Ag
Commercial Ag
Mixed Crop & Livestock

16. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Dairy Farming
Grain Farming
Livestock Ranching

17. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Mediterranean Ag
Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming
Plantation Farming

18. AGRICULTURAL FLOWS
Columbian Exchange
NAFTA

19. von THUNEN MODEL Originator of spatial models
Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

20. von THUNEN MODEL Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain
All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it
Farmers sought maximum profits
“Isolated state” – no trade connections
Possessed only one market
Located centrally in the state

21. von THUNEN MODEL

22. von THUNEN MODEL

23. von THUNEN MODEL

24. von THUNEN MODEL

25. von THUNEN MODEL

26. THIRD AG REVOLUTION
The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland
, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

27. THIRD AG REVOLUTION
average yields
Rice 52%; Wheat %;

28. THIRD AG REVOLUTION
PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies
Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

29. THIRD AG REVOLUTION HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS
New variations of seeds/plants
Irrigation
Mechanization
Fertilization
Use of pesticides
More food

30. THIRD AG REVOLUTION Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of land
Ground water depletion
Conflict between agricultural societies and urban sprawl

31. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
Increased mechanization
Development of biotechnology

33. HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE
Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?

34. POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY

35. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Territoriality
The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

36. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Sovereignty
Principle that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states and be recognized by other states and codified by international law

37. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Unitary State
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

38. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Federal State
Allocation of strong power to units of local government within the country

39. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Democratization
The transition to a more democratic political regime

40. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Nation
a group of people who possess common cultural traits
Kurdistan

41. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
State
a political entity that possesses sovereignty over an area delimited by internationally recognized boundaries
Mexico

42. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Nation-state
a political unit that contains one principal national group that gives it its identity and defines its territory
Japan

43. RISE OF NATION-STATES
in response to the rise of nationalist political philosophies during the 18th century
2. humans want to be close to those of similar background
3. necessary and logical component of the transition from feudalism to capitalism
4. logical accompaniment of economic growth based on expanding technologies
5. arose from the collapse of local communities and the need for effective communication within a large unit

44. GROWTH THEORIES RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
Size will increase as culture develops
Growth of a state is subsequent to other manifestations of the growth of the people
Growth from a process of annexing smaller members
Boundaries are peripheral organs that take part in all transformations of the state

45. GROWTH THEORIES RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
As state grows, it will strive to occupy some politically valuable locations
6. Initial stimulus for growth is external
7. Tendency to grow continually increases in intensity

46. Environmental Determinism and
GROWTH THEORIES
What connection is there between these growth theories and the concepts of
Environmental Determinism and
Possiblism?

47. GROWTH THEORIES Wallerstein’s World Systems
World is divided into three spheres:
core
semi periphery
periphery

48. Colonialism and Imperialism
Core – higher levels of education, salaries, more technology
Semi-periphery – transition between the two
Periphery – lower levels of education, salaries, less technology

49. INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY
Ethnic homogeneity of countries vary, but the extent of a state’s cultural diversity often influences its political stability

50. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Ethnic diversity can be a strong centrifugal force – leading to civil disorder, international conflict, unspeakable human rights abuses
Yugoslavia

51. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Centripetal Forces
Unifying tendencies, such as a widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

52. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Supranationalism
Organization involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

53. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Devolution
Process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growth authority at the expense of central government

54. BOUNDARIES Generic Boundaries
identified on the basis of their inherent characteristics
natural or physical, ethnographic or cultural, historical, geometric

55. BOUNDARIES Generic Boundaries: Natural boundary
follows a river or mountain range
arguments over mineral and usage rights, bridge construction and maintenance, territory lost as a result of course changes over time

56. BOUNDARIES Ethnographic boundary Cultural differences mark separation
Partition of India

57. BOUNDARIES
Geometric
Using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

58. BOUNDARIES Compact State Prorupted State
Distance from center to any boundary does not vary significantly
Prorupted State
Compact state with a large projecting extension

59. BOUNDARIES Fragmented State
Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Perforated State
A state that completely surrounds another one

60. BOUNDARIES
Elongated State
States with long and narrow shape