1. Preview Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Interactions of Living Things
Preview
Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
Section 3 Types of Interactions
Concept Mapping

2. Bellringer Think of all the things that make up a pond in
Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Bellringer
Think of all the things that make up a pond in
the countryside. List all the parts of the pond’s
ecosystem in your science journal. Then draw
an illustration of a pond ecosystem. Are all the
parts of the ecosystem living? Explain your answer.

3. Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Objectives
Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment.
Explain how populations and communities are related.
Describe how the abiotic parts of the environment affect ecosystems.

4. Studying the Web of Life
Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Studying the Web of Life
Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment.
The Two Parts of the Environment All of the organisms that live together and interact with one another make up the biotic part of the environment. The abiotic part of the environment consists of the nonliving elements.

5. Studying the Web of Life, continued
Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Studying the Web of Life, continued
Organization in the Environment At first glance, the environment may seem disorganized. However, the environment can be arranged into different levels. The five levels of the environment are shown on the next slide.

6. Section 1 Everything Is Connected

7. Studying the Web of Life, continued
Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Studying the Web of Life, continued
Populations Each animal is a part of a population, or a group of individuals of the same species that live together.
Communities A community consists of all of the populations of species that live and interact in an area.

8. Studying the Web of Life, continued
Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Studying the Web of Life, continued

9. Studying the Web of Life, continued
Section 1 Everything Is Connected
Studying the Web of Life, continued
Ecosystems An ecosystem is made up of a community of organisms and the abiotic environment of the community.
The Biosphere The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to high in the air where plant spores drift.

10. Bellringer Indian pipe is a plant that is completely white—it
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
Bellringer
Indian pipe is a plant that is completely white—it
has no chlorophyll or chloroplasts to give it a green
color. Do you think this plant could be a producer?
If not, where do you think it could get the energy it
needs to survive?
Write your answers in your science journal.

11. Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
Objectives
Describe the functions of producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem.
Distinguish between a food chain and a food web.
Explain how energy flows through a food web.
Describe how the removal of one species affects the entire food web.

12. Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
The Energy Connection
Producers Organisms that use sunlight directly to make food are called producers. They do this by using a process called photosynthesis.
Consumers Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers.
Decomposers Organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms are called decomposers.

13. The Energy Connection, continued
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
The Energy Connection, continued

14. The Energy Connection, continued
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
The Energy Connection, continued

15. Comparing Consumers and Producers
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
Comparing Consumers and Producers
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concepts

16. The Energy Connection, continued
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
The Energy Connection, continued
Food Chains and Food Webs A food chain is a diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another. A food web is a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.

17. The Energy Connection, continued
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
The Energy Connection, continued

18. The Energy Connection, continued
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
The Energy Connection, continued
Energy Pyramids An energy pyramid is a triangular diagram that shows an ecosystem’s loss of energy, which results as energy passes through the ecosystem’s food chain.

19. Section 2 Living Things Need Energy

20. Wolves and the Energy Pyramid
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
Wolves and the Energy Pyramid
Gray Wolves and the Food Web Gray wolves were brought back to Yellowstone National Park in The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service thinks the return of the wolves will restore the natural energy flow in the area and bring populations back into balance.
Balance in Ecosystems All organisms in a food web are important for the health and balance of all other organisms in the food web.

21. Section 3 Types of Interactions
Bellringer
Make a list of predators that are also prey. Then list some animals that are only predators or only prey. Why do you think some animals fit in only one of these roles while others can sometimes be predators and other times be prey?
Record your answer in your science journal.

22. Section 3 Types of Interactions
Objectives
Explain the relationship between carrying capacity and limiting factors.
Describe the two types of competition.
Distinguish between mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

23. Interactions with the Environment
Section 3 Types of Interactions
Interactions with the Environment
Limiting Factors A resource that is so scarce that it limits the size of a population is called a limiting factor.
Carrying Capacity The largest population that an environment can support is known as the carrying capacity.

24. Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity
Section 3 Types of Interactions
Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

25. Interactions Between Organisms
Section 3 Types of Interactions
Interactions Between Organisms
Individuals and Populations Interact Populations contain individuals of a single species that interact with one another, such as a group of rabbits feeding in the same area.
Communities contain interacting populations, such as a coral reef with many species of corals trying to find living space.

26. Section 3 Types of Interactions
Competition
Individuals and Populations Interact When two or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource, such as food, water, shelter, space, or sunlight, it is called competition.
Competition can happen within a population, or between populations.

27. Section 3 Types of Interactions
Predators and Prey
Predators are organisms that eat all or part of another organism. Organisms that are killed and eaten by other organisms are called prey.
Predator Adaptations To survive, predators must be able to catch their prey. Predators have a wide variety of methods and abilities for doing so.

28. Predators and Prey, continued
Section 3 Types of Interactions
Predators and Prey, continued
Prey Adaptations Prey have their own methods and abilities to keep from being eaten. Prey are able to run away, stay in groups, or camouflage themselves. Some prey are poisonous.
Camouflage One way animals avoid being eaten is by being hard to see. Blending in with the background is called camouflage.

29. Predators and Prey, continued
Section 3 Types of Interactions
Predators and Prey, continued
Defensive Chemicals Some animals defend themselves with chemicals. The skunk and the bombardier beetle both spray predators with irritating chemicals. Bees, ants, and wasps inject a powerful acid into their attackers.
Warning Coloration Animals that have a chemical defense need a way to warn predators that they should look elsewhere for a meal. Their chemical weapons are often advertised by warning colors.

30. Section 3 Types of Interactions
Symbiosis
Symbiosis is a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other.
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit.
Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

31. Section 3 Types of Interactions
Symbiosis, continued
Parasitism is a symbiotic association in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed.
The organism that benefits is called the parasite, while the organism that is harmed is called the host.

32. Section 3 Types of Interactions
Changes in Organisms
Sometimes, a long-term change takes place in two species because of their close relationship with one another.
Changes and Flowers Flowers have changed over millions of years to attract pollinators. Pollinators such as bees, bats, and hummingbirds can be attracted to a flower because of its color, odor, or nectar.

33. Interactions of Living Things
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
biosphere Environment
carnivores herbivores
communities populations
consumers sunlight
ecosystem

34. Interactions of Living Things

35. Interactions of Living Things