1. Parenthetical Citations/In Text Citations
MLA
Parenthetical Citations/In Text Citations

2. What are Parenthetical Citations?
Used in the body of your paper whenever you use someone else’s work in your paper.
Quotes, summary, paraphrase, research, ideas, etc.
If you don’t cite these items in your paper then you are stating that you came up with them and they belong to you…which is plagiarism.
In your body paragraphs, your parenthetical citations are your concrete details; therefore, in a standard essay you would have 2 parenthetical citations per body paragraph.
This is a parenthetical citation:
Dumbledore said, “There are all kinds of courage. It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends” (Rowling 306).

3. Parenthetical Citations in a Body Paragraph
One major idea in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is that it is not one’s differences that make people unequal, but their choices. For example, Dumbledore states, “You place too much importance, and you always have done, on the so-called purity of blood! You fail to recognize that it matters not what someone is born, but what they grow to be” (Rowling 708). Dumbledore emphasizes the idea that a person’s status at birth is of less importance than the type of person they become. Though a person may be born a pureblood, in Harry Potter terms, if the pureblood grows up to be a terrible person, they are their evil ways, not their supposed high birth status. He also states that, “Differences of habit and language are nothing at all if our aims are identical and our hearts are open” (Rowling 723). No matter how different people are, it is their good hearts, or evil, that put them on equal ground. The wise professor teaches that one’s physical and socioeconomic differences disappear when the focus is on similarities of heart. In Professor Dumbledore’s world, it is kindness and courage that make people great, not birthright and status.

4. Quoting, summarizing and paraphrasing
Quote:
Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks
Paraphrasing:
Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words
Summarizing:
Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words
These all count for someone else’s work…and you must cite them (even if you have re-worded them!)
Note - for this class we will focus on quoting and paraphrasing.

5. What do they look like?
Parenthetical citations always go in parentheses.
(______)
When using a citation the period goes ONLY at the VERY END of the citation.
“Sentence” (______).
Notice there is NO period at the end of the quote, just after the last parenthesis.
This is the same even if you are not using a direct quote.
Quotations go before and after the sentence that is being quoted, not after the citation; All quotation marks end before the parenthesis.
“_____________” (____).
Do not include a comma in the parenthesis to separate the name from the page number
Period
No period

6. Example
Dumbledore said, “It does not do to dwell on dreams and forget to live” (Rowling 214).
Notice where the quotations, parentheses and period are placed.
Notice that there is no comma between the author and the page number and there is no page, pg. or p. in front of the page number.
Your citations should ALWAYS look like this: quotation marks, parentheses, period.
The use of “Dumbledore said” before the quote helps to introduce the quote and give any necessary background information.

7. How to find your parenthetical citation
You should use your Works Cited page to help create your parenthetical citation.
The item appearing first in the citation on the Works Cited page should designate the parenthetical citation.
Usually, this is the author’s last name
If there is no author this is the title of the article or section.
In the case of a long article or section title, use a shortened version in the parenthetical citation.
You should shorten the citation to the first noun in the entry.
The title “Screaming Wild Monkeys Overturn Greenspan’s Bus” can be cited as (“Screaming Wild Monkeys”), for example.

8. Example: Finding the information for a Parenthetical Citation
We are planning to cite a quote by Albus Dumbledore from the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone.
Quote:
The truth. It is a beautiful and terrible thing, and should therefore be treated with great caution. (page 298)
Here is what the Works Cited page citation would look like:
Works Cited
Rowling, J.K.. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone New York: Scholastic, 1999.

9. Example: Finding the information for a Parenthetical Citation
To find my parenthetical citation, I would do the following:
Check my Works Cited page to see which item appears first in the citation. (see Works Cited page citation on previous slide)
Which item appears first, the author or the title?
So what item will be going in our parentheses for the parenthetical citation?
After I know which item I will be using for my parenthetical citation, I then need to determine if I am including a number in my citation:
Books - always use a page number
Articles - always use paragraph number
Websites - when available use paragraph number
What number will I be using for this source?
You should now have an item and a page number for your source. On your piece of paper, write the correct format for this parenthetical citation including the quotation (go back to last slide for this).

10. Example: Finding Information for a Parenthetical Citation continued
Albus Dumbledore states, “The truth. It is a beautiful and terrible thing, and should therefore be treated with great caution” (Rowling 298).
Check your paper...did you get it correct? If not, what did you do wrong?

11. Getting more specific...
There are a few ways to write parenthetical citations:
More than one author:
3 or less - List all authors (Rowling, Tiffany and Thorne 87).
4 or more - List first author, then et al. (Rowling et al. 52).
If you have several works by the same author, also include the title (abbreviated if long):
(Rowling, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, 298).
Author’s name in the text … the rest of the information in the parenthesis.
In J.K. Rowling’s novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, Professor Dumbledore tells Harry, “The truth. It is a beautiful and terrible thing, and should therefore be treated with great caution” (298).
Author’s name omitted in the text… all information in the parenthesis.
Professor Dumbledore tells Harry, “The truth. It is a beautiful and terrible thing, and should therefore be treated with great caution” (Rowling 298).

12. Examples
Quotation:
“Quoted material” (Author’s last name Page number).
Paraphrase:
Paraphrased sentence (Author’s last name Page number).
Quote from a web source with no author or page numbers:
“Quoted material” (“Article/Section Title”).

13. What do I cite? You need to cite:
Direct quotes, both entire sentences and phrases
Paraphrases (rephrased or summarized material)
Words specific or unique to the author's research, theories, or ideas
Use of an author's argument or line of thinking
Historical, statistical, or scientific facts
Articles or studies you refer to within your text
You do not need to cite:
Proverbs and sayings ("A stitch in time saves nine.")
Well-known quotations ("The personal is political.")
Common knowledge (Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, or oxygen has an atomic number of 8, or "The Starry Night" was painted by Vincent Van Gogh.)

14. Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Keep these as simple as possible!
Keep references brief
Give only information needed to identify the source on your Works Cited page
Your Parenthetical Citations should match your Works Cited page. Use your works cited page to help you determine what your parenthetical citation will be.