1. PLANTS
The plant kingdom is divided into both non-vascular and vascular plants.

2. Tropism – the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
Plants respond to environmental stimuli
Thigmotropism – response to touch
Examples: bladderworts, grape vines
Phototropism – response to light
All plants show phototropism
Leaves, stems, and flowers grow toward light
Gravitropism – response to gravity
Roots show POSITIVE gravitropism – grow toward gravity (down)
Stems show NEGATIVE gravitropism – grow against the force of gravity (up)

3. All plants are eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and non-mobile.

4. Stem – carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves; provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.

5. In A Vascular Plant…

6. Internal Structures
Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant
Phloem – vascular tissue that carries food from leaves to other parts of the plant

7. Non-Vascular plants… Are low growing Do not have roots
Obtain water and materials directly from their environment or nearby cells

8. External Structures
Roots – a structure that anchors a plant in the ground, absorbs water and minerals from the soil and sometimes stores food in the form of starch.

9. Leaves – capture the sun’s energy and carry out photosynthesis Stomata – pores on the surface of the leaf that control when gases enter and leave the leaf

10. Transpiration – the process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaf

11. Flowering plants AKA Angiosperms
Have specialized reproductive organs called flowers
Within the flower are the
MALE stamen
FEMALE pistil

12. Parts of a Flower
Sepal – leaflike structures that protect the developing flower and are often green Petals – a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers

13. Stamen Made of filament that holds up anther
The anther produces the pollen

14. Pistil Has a sticky stigma Held up by the style
The style connects the stigma to the ovary
The ovary contains the eggs

15. Pollination
Pollen sticks to the stigma and falls down the style to the ovary
The eggs are fertilized and become seeds
Then the ovary turns into a fruit.

16. Germination Seed plants go through a variety of developmental stages
Beginining with germination of the seed
The seed contains the young plant and stored food
Germination requires water

17. Rhizoid – a thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients
Rhizome – a rootlike subterranean stem that usually produces roots below and sends up shoots

18. Monocot – angiosperms that produce seeds with only one seed leaf
Dicots – angiosperms that produce seeds with two seed leaves