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Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
Chapter 13
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Key Concepts Economic and ecological importance
Effects of human activities Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity Protecting and sustaining fisheries Protecting and restoring wetlands
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The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity
Coral reefs Deep ocean floor Estuaries Lakes and streams Food items Medicines and drugs
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Marine Species
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Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity
Species loss and endangerment Marine habitat loss and degradation Freshwater habitat loss and degradation Overfishing Nonnative species
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Brook trout White waterlily Bluegill White bass Bulrush Muskellunge Rainbow trout Rainbow darter Water lettuce Bowfish Water hyacinth Bladderwort Largemouth black bass Black crappie White sturgeon Yellow perch Velvet cichlid American smelt Walleyed pike Eelgrass Longnose gar Duckweed Common piranha Carp Egyptian white lotus Channel catfish African lungfish
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Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity
Protect endangered and threatened species International agreements Integrated coastal management Reconciliation ecology Sustainable management of marine fisheries
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Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries
Fishery regulations Economic approaches Protected areas Consumer information Bycatch reduction Aquaculture Nonnative species
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Solutions Managing Fisheries
Fishery Regulations Set catch limits well below the maximum sustainable yield Improve monitoring and enforcement of regulations Economic Approaches Sharply reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies Charge fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned offshore waters Certify sustainable fisheries Protected areas Establish no-fishing areas Establish more marine protected areas Rely more on integrated coastal management Consumer Information Label sustainably harvested fish Publicize over fished and threatened species Bycatch Use wide-meshed nets to allow escape of smaller fish Use net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles Ban throwing edible and marketable fish back into the sea Aquaculture Restrict coastal locations for fish farms Control pollution more strictly Depend more on herbivorous fish species Nonnative Invasions Kill organisms in ship ballast water Filter organisms from ship ballast water Dump ballast water far at sea and replace with Deep-sea water
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Global freshwater 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 Mean trophic level 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year
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Global marine 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 Mean trophic level 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year
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Bowhead whale Bowhead whale Humpback whale Bowhead whale Northern right whale Bowhead whale Northern right whale Saimaa seal Fin whale Hawksbill turtle Mediterranean monk seal Kemp's ridley turtle Japanese sea lion Hawksbill turtle Fin whale Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Olive ridley turtle Leatherback turtle Olive ridley turtle Hawaiian monk seal Green turtle Olive ridley turtle Green turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Humpback whale Green turtle Hawksbill turtle Green turtle Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Hawksbill turtle Humpback whale Leatherback turtle Fin whale Fin whale Whale Turtle Seal Sea lion
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Olive ridley 76 centimeters Australian flatback 99 centimeters Loggerhead 119 centimeters Hawksbill 89 centimeters Black turtle 99 centimeters Green turtle 124 centimeters Leatherback 188 centimeters Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters
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Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin Common dolphin Harbor porpoise Killer whale Bottlenose dolphin Beluga whale False killer whale Cuvier's beaked whale Pilot whale Narwhal Pygmy sperm whale Sperm whale Baird's beaked whale Squid 5 10 15 20 25 30m 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ft Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)
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Mysticetes (Baleen Whales)
Humpback whale Bowhead whale Minke whale Right whale Blue whale Fin whale Feeding on krill Sei whale Gray whale Mysticetes (Baleen Whales)
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Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands
Regulations Wetlands protection Mitigation banking Wetlands restoration Control of invasive species
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Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers
Pollution Disruption of water flow Loss of biodiversity Invasive species
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Ecological Services of Rivers
Natural Capital Ecological Services of Rivers Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries Deposit silt that maintains details Purify water Renew and renourish wetlands Provide habitats for wildlife
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Life Cycle of Wild Salmon
processing plant Eggs are taken from adult females and fertilized with sperm “milked” from males Modified Life Cycle To hatchery Fish change form Human capture Life Cycle of Wild Salmon Fish enter rivers and head for spawning areas In the fall spawning salmon deposit eggs in gravel nests and die Normal Life Cycle Fry hatch in the spring... Grow to maturity in Pacific Ocean in 1-2 years Eggs and young are cared for in the hatchery And grow in the stream for 1-2 years Grow to smolt and enter the ocean... Fingerlings are released into river Fingerlings migrate downstream
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Rebuilding Salmon Populations
Build upstream hatcheries Repopulating streams Build fish ladders Transport salmon around dams Reduce silt runoff Restrict dam construction
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Rebuilding Salmon Populations
Solutions Rebuilding Salmon Populations Building upstream hatcheries Releasing juvenile salmon from hatcheries to under-populated streams Releasing extra water from dams to wash juvenile salmon downstream Building fish ladders so adult salmon can bypass dams during upstream migration Using trucks and barges to transport salmon around dams Reducing silt runoff from logging roads above salmon spawning streams Banning dams from some stream areas
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