BELLRINGER: 9/21 and 9/22 Pick up the papers by the door.

BELLRINGER: 9/21 and 9/22 Pick up the papers by the door.
Begin working on the Hammurabi’s Code Primary Source worksheet (both sides). We will take no more than 15 minutes on this. When you are done, turn it into your class drawer. Update your ToC: Page 16: Notes: Nile River Valley (Egypt) Write down your HW: - Study for your River Valleys Map, Mesopotamia, and Egypt quiz NEXT CLASS and read/take notes on pages in your DUIKER book

AGENDA: 1. Bellringer 2. Hammurabi’s Code Worksheet
3. NOTES: Ancient Egypt (SPICE-style) 4. MAP: Ancient Egypt and the Nile River Valley 4. Crash Course Video

Time for a reading check!

River Valley Civilizations: Ancient Egypt

Map of Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian History
Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins 3900 B. C. E. Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Geography of Egypt Importance of Nile River
Flows north Humans live here because they could grow crops and settle into permanent villages Provides protections (different than Mesopotamia!) Desert to E, S, W Sea (Med.) to the N Limits outside influences Flooding Nile floods = land is enriched by fertile soil Floods are PREDICTABLE! During July-Sept., recedes in the spring The NILE RIVER , the longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers), flows north from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Its flood plain was a magnet for life -- human, plant and animal. Humans were drawn there because they could grow crops and settle into permanent villages. Bounded on the south, east and west by an impenetrable desert, and on the north by the sea, ANCIENT EGYPT was protected from outside influences, which allowed it to evolve in its own unique way. For centuries, THE NILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a thick layer of alluvial soil. Flooding occurred from July to September as the result of the tropical rains in the Ethiopian tableland. The river attained its highest level in October, then began to recede to its lowest point sometime between April and June. Egypt is located in the northeast corner of Africa, next to Asia. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Most of Egypt is part of the Sahara desert. This vast desert prevented invasion and allowed Egypt to develop a unique culture. Through the center runs the Nile River. All the people in Egypt live by the Nile. The river also divides Egypt into Upper and Lower regions. Lower Egypt is the part of Egypt within the Nile Delta. Upper Egypt is the region from the delta south to the First Cataract (a barrier in the river that boats cannot cross). Be careful! Upper and Lower Egypt are named because of the elevation – that’s why the river flows from Upper Egypt (the south) into Lower Egypt (the north). Key Questions: Why is the Nile so essential for Egyptians? What physical advantage did Egypt have over Mesopotamia when it came to protection from invaders? A delta is a fertile, triangular-shaped region where a river empties into the sea.

Flooding of the Nile River
The Annual Flooding of the Nile The Nile flows throughout the year. In July, however, when the rainy season begins far south of Egypt, and the snows of winter melt out of the mountains, a rush of water sends the Nile into a severe flood upriver. For several months each year, the banks of the Nile in Egypt become part of the river! Luckily, the flooding is very predictable and occurs on almost the same day year to year. Even though these floods can be very destructive, they are very good for the people of Egypt. When the flood waters recede, the land is left covered with silt that allows farmers to grow incredible amounts of food. Without the floods, the people of Egypt would starve. Key question: What advantage did Egyptians farmer have over Mesopotamian farmers?

Geography of Egypt: Irrigation is Necessary
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Religion of Egypt Religion = very important
2,000+ gods and goddesses Believed pharaohs were sent by the gods to help Egyptians They make the sun rise, river flood Means they are positive, not pessimistic Afterlife = big part of Egyptian religion Pharaohs ruled after they died Bring possessions to afterlife With the pharaohs as god-kings, it is clear that religion was very important in ancient Egypt. But the Egyptians also had many immortal gods. In all, there were more than 2,000 gods and goddesses. The Egyptians believed that their pharaohs were sent by the gods to help the people of Egypt by making the sun rise and the river flood. They even believed that the pharaoh continued to rule after he died! The afterlife was a big part of Egyptian religion. Egyptians believed that you could take important possessions with you to the afterlife. This meant more than money and toys, it also meant your body! So, when an Egyptian died, his friends and family would take care of the body and bury it with the important things it would need for all eternity. RELIGION is the glue that binds local communities together and transforms them into nations. It creates common understandings and shared values that are essential to the growth of a civilization. By looking at ancient Egypt, one can see how belief systems evolved. In the early stages of human thought, the concept of God did not exist. Our early ancestors were concerned about natural phenomena and the powers that controlled these phenomena. They did not worship a personalized form of God. This stage of religious development is referred to as MAGICAL. Before the concept of God existed, magical power was encapsulated in the hieroglyph of a SCEPTER (or rod or staff). As human society evolved, people gradually gained a degree of personal identity. With a higher sense of individuality, humans began to conceive the gods in a personalized form. This stage in development is called MYTHICAL. In Egypt, this process began during the late prehistoric period, when writing was being invented and myths were being formulated. Picture on right is from book of the dead.

Achievements of Egypt: Technology, Intellectual
Architecture Pyramids, tombs, temples out of STONE Structures showed high architectural skill (used math, geometry to build) ARCHITECTURE: The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of STONE, the most durable of all building materials. These building projects took a high degree of architectural and engineering SKILL, and the organization of a LARGE WORKFORCE consisting of highly trained craftsmen and laborers. Hieroglyph: Tombs Sheets of papyrus Wooden boards covered with a stucco wash Potsherds Fragments of limestone. Egyptians believed that their pharaohs were gods and would continue to rule from the afterlife (the afterlife is an important part of ancient Egyptian religious beliefs). As a result, Egyptian pharaohs wanted elaborate and lavish palaces both in this life and in the next. These tombs were the famous pyramids. Egyptian math, science, and architecture was very advanced in order to build these gigantic pyramids. The pyramids are some of the oldest structures on the planet still standing – over 4000 years old! The Egyptians mined incredible amounts of stone to build some of the oldest These gigantic pyramids were only the “tip of the iceberg” – most of the structure was deep below ground, where the pharaoh and his family would be buried and would rule in the afterlife.

One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns the building of the PYRAMIDS. How did humans move such massive blocks of stone using only Stone Age tools? The Egyptians left thousands of illustrations depicting daily life in the Old Kingdom. Curiously enough, none of them show how pyramids were built. SEVERAL THEORIES attempt to explain how pyramids were constructed, but for now, the mystery has yet to be solved. One theory suggests that RAMPS were used to haul the stone blocks on wooden sleds up the side of the pyramids. The ramps were lubricated with water to reduce friction when hauling the blocks. As few as 10 men were needed to drag a stone block up a ramp. may have been several ramps on each side of the pyramid at different levels, and a ramp may have been coiled around the pyramid as it grew in height. Once a stone block reached its desired level, wooden rockers may have been used to maneuver it into position. THE WOODEN CRANE THEORY suggests that a wooden crane with a counterweight on one end may have been used to lift the blocks from one level to the next. This theory has been DISPUTED, since the Egyptians did not have access to trees that were strong enough for this type of work. The average weight of the STONE BLOCKS used to build the Great Pyramid at Giza has been estimated at 2.5 TONS. Such an enormous weight would undoubtedly break a wooden crane before the block could be lifted. THE PULLEY AND FULCRUM THEORY: Another possibility involves the use of pulleys to hoist the blocks up the ramps and fulcrums to manipulate the blocks into place. Pulleys were used on ships at the time. The pyramids were probably NOT BUILT BY SLAVES because slave labor was not widely used in Egypt at the time. PEASANT FARMERS, however, were required to spend a number of weeks working on construction projects. This provided the paid labor needed to build these gigantic structures. Since the fields were under water during the summer, wages earned in building the gigantic pyramids SUPPLEMENTED THE FAMILY'S INCOME. Pyramids did not stand alone; they were part of a FUNERARY COMPLEX. The complex includes a PROCESSIONAL CAUSEWAY that links a FUNERARY TEMPLE to the pyramid, SOLAR BARQUES buried on the four sides of the pyramid, and MASTABAS and smaller pyramids where the family of the king and nobles were buried

Apart from the pyramids, EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS were decorated with PAINTINGS, CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, and THREE-DIMENSIONAL STATUES. The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and the natural world of plants, birds and animals.

Advancement: Mummification
Mummification is the process of preserving a body using spices and chemicals, removing internal organs and preserving them, and then wrapping the body in linen cloths. This prevents the body from rotting and allowed it to enjoy the afterlife. Preparation for the Afterlife pharaoh sarcophagus Mummification is a process of preserving a body using spices and chemicals, removing and preserving the internal organs, and wrapping the body in linen. This prevented the body from rotting, and allowed it to enjoy the afterlife.

As much of the brain as it is possible is extracted through the nostrils with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is dissolved with drugs. Next, the flank is slit open and the entire contents of the abdomen removed. The cavity is then thoroughly cleansed and washed out Then it is filled with pure crushed myrrh, cassia, and all other aromatic substances, except frankincense. [The incision] is sewn up, and then the body is placed in natron, covered entirely for 70 days, never longer. When this period is ended, the body is washed and then wrapped from the head to the feet in linen which has been cut into strips and smeared on the underside with gum which is commonly used by the Egyptians in the place of glue. -- Herodotus Around 450 B.C., the Greek historian HERODOTUS documented the art of MUMMIFICATION.

Around 450 B.C., the Greek historian HERODOTUS documented the art of MUMMIFICATION.

Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E.
Egyptian Mummies Seti I B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E.

MATERIALS USED IN MUMMIFICATION:
MUMMIFICATION TOOLS: The ancient embalmers used very few tools. The basic tool kit included a KNIFE to make the abdominal incision, hooked bronze RODS to extract brain matter, a wooden ADZE-like tool to remove internal organs, and a FUNNEL to pour resins into the cranial cavity through the nose. MATERIALS USED IN MUMMIFICATION: Linen Sawdust Lichen Beeswax Resin Linen Sawdust Beeswax Lichen Resin

Achievements of Egypt Hieroglyphics Papyrus Writing system
Often found in/on tombs Papyrus Written on, paper like substance Ancient Egyptians were very scientific and they developed some important intellectual and technological breakthroughs. The Egyptians invented their own written language, a pictographic language known as hieroglyphics. Egyptians also invented a form of paper called papyrus using reeds that grew by the Nile. In order to make their gigantic building projects possible, the Egyptians developed numbers, mathematics, and advanced geometry. Mathematics was also useful for the extensive records that were kept about the flooding of the Nile and the position of the sun. Using this information, the ancient Egyptian solar calendar that was only a few hours off of our modern year! Not bad for people who didn’t have computers, calculators, or telescopes. Along with mummification, Egyptian medical science was advanced, including techniques for surgery. Hieroglyph: Tombs Sheets of papyrus Wooden boards covered with a stucco wash Potsherds Fragments of limestone. Papyrus  Paper

Rosetta Stone Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Politics of Egypt Pharaoh = two roles
1. Head of state 2. Divine representative of the gods Means gov’t + religion = inseparable No separation of church and state in anc. Egypt GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the gods on earth. Religion and government brought order to society through: The construction of TEMPLES The creation of LAWS TAXATION The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR TRADE with neighbors The DEFENCE of the country’s interests. Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-operation of all levels of the population. The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy. Next to him, the most powerful officers were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of the bureaucracy. Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS, followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators) who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out the pharaoh's orders. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS, FARMERS, and LABORERS. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions. Not all the pharaohs were men. Before the Graeco-Roman period, at least three WOMEN ascended the throne, the most important being Queen HATSHEPSUT.

Politics of Egypt What signs of civilization do you see in this list?
What does this combination do for Egypt? Builds temples Creates laws Taxes Organizes labor Trade Defense What signs of civilization do you see in this list? GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the gods on earth. Religion and government brought order to society through: The construction of TEMPLES The creation of LAWS TAXATION The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR TRADE with neighbors The DEFENCE of the country’s interests. Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-operation of all levels of the population. The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy. Next to him, the most powerful officers were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of the bureaucracy. Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS, followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators) who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out the pharaoh's orders. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS, FARMERS, and LABORERS. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions. Not all the pharaohs were men. Before the Graeco-Roman period, at least three WOMEN ascended the throne, the most important being Queen HATSHEPSUT.

Politics of Egypt GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the gods on earth. Religion and government brought order to society through: The construction of TEMPLES The creation of LAWS TAXATION The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR TRADE with neighbors The DEFENCE of the country’s interests. Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-operation of all levels of the population. The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy. Next to him, the most powerful officers were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of the bureaucracy. Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS, followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators) who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out the pharaoh's orders. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS, FARMERS, and LABORERS. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions. Not all the pharaohs were men. Before the Graeco-Roman period, at least three WOMEN ascended the throne, the most important being Queen HATSHEPSUT.

Politics of Egypt: A Tale of Two Egypts
Egypt = originally divided into LOWER and UPPER regions Separate rulers but were culturally similar Kingdoms united by Menes in 3100 BC Creator of Egypt’s 1st dynasty Establishes theocracy Eventually, the leaders of Egypt become known as pharaohs The pottery pictured above shows an early depiction of Menes. Note the shape of his crown – that’s important! Menes united Egypt with both force and diplomacy. To bring the people together, and to symbolize his new rule, Menes combined the traditional crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt into a red and white double crown. Later, the kings of Egypt became known as pharaohs. The pharaohs were more than just kings, they were like gods! With the same person controlling Egyptian religion and government, Egypt became a theocracy. Religion was a very important part of their life. Key Question: Why were Egyptian pharaohs more powerful than Mesopotamian kings?

Politics of Egypt GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the gods on earth. Religion and government brought order to society through: The construction of TEMPLES The creation of LAWS TAXATION The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR TRADE with neighbors The DEFENCE of the country’s interests. Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-operation of all levels of the population. The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy. Next to him, the most powerful officers were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of the bureaucracy. Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS, followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators) who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out the pharaoh's orders. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS, FARMERS, and LABORERS. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions. Not all the pharaohs were men. Before the Graeco-Roman period, at least three WOMEN ascended the throne, the most important being Queen HATSHEPSUT.

Economics of Egypt Transportation – Nile River Two main groups:
Lower Egypt (north): Nile Delta Region Upper Egypt (south): South away from the delta Most Egyptians = farmers  primarily agricultural economy Grew barley, wheat, vegetables, figs Surplus of food due to fertile soil Close to Mesopotamia and several trade routes (Med, Red Seas) Traded with Mesopotamia and nomadic groups TRANSPORTATION: The Nile River was the highway that joined the country together. Up until the nineteenth century, travel by land was virtually unknown. People began living near the Nile at least 7000 years ago, forming their own villages and cultures. The people were separated into two main groups. The people of Lower Egypt lived in the Nile delta region, the northern part of the river near the Mediterranean Sea. Here the river spreads out and creates a triangle-shaped area of land where people can live and farm. Most people in Egypt were farmers. Egyptian farmers grew barley, wheat, vegetables, figs, and melons. The fertile soil provided by the Nile’s annual floods allowed for a surplus of food (surplus means extra). Egypt was close to Mesopotamia and a number of important trade routes, such as the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. They traded with the Mesopotamians and with nomadic groups in the area. Egyptians also traded south along the Nile River with the Nubians. The Nubians provided gold, ivory, granite, and cattle in trades with Egypt. Trade on the Nile was easy! While the Nile flows north, the winds in Egypt mainly blow south. This makes the Nile perfect for boats and trade. All this trade led to cultural diffusion! For example, the Egyptians probably did not invent farming on their own, but learned it from the Mesopotamians.

Social Aspects of Egypt
Pharaoh Government officials, army officers, priests Merchants, artisans Peasant farmers and laborers All people in Egypt were subjects of the pharaoh and the government. The Egyptians liked order and developed a written language, called hieroglyphics, in order to keep records and perform religious tasks. These records were important because the government would store surplus food and distribute it to the people in years of famine. In exchange, the people paid taxes and also worked on large building projects (like the pyramids) while their fields were flooded. Fittingly, Egypt’s society was like a social pyramid. Women had most of the same rights as men, and all people could move up the social pyramid. At some times in Egypt’s history, there were large numbers of slaves, including the Hebrews. Slaves were often captured in wars and were used for massive building projects. Egyptian hieroglyphics were complicated, so scribes and government officials who could write were highly valued. Priests were also important because of the centrality of religion. ROYAL WOMEN: Royal mothers, wives, and daughters derived their status from their relationship with the king. Kings had MANY WIVES and royal families were large. The most prolific was Rameses II, who had eight wives and over a hundred children. To keep the royal bloodline pure, kings often MARRIED within their family, a SISTER or half sister, for example. In a few cases, they married their DAUGHTERS, although it is not clear whether or not these marriages were true conjugal unions. Next to pharaoh, the most powerful officer in the hierarchy was the VIZIER, the EXECUTIVE HEAD of the bureaucracy. The position of vizier was filled by a prince or a person of exceptional ability. His title is translated as "superintendent of all works of the king.“ As the SUPREME JUDGE of the state, the vizier ruled on all petitions and grievances brought to the court. All ROYAL COMMANDS passed through his hands before being transmitted to the scribes in his office. They in turn dispatched orders to the heads of distant towns and villages, and dictated the rules and regulations related to the collection of taxes. The ancient Egyptians remained very conscious of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, and barriers between the classes were quite rigid. Climbing the social ladder was difficult, but it could be achieved through outstanding accomplishments in professions such as that of the scribes and the MILITARY. The military took part in WARFARE and TRADE missions, helping to maintain Egypt's sovereignty and expand its territories. The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the river extremely fertile. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE was practiced by the majority of the peasant population. who played a vital role within the country's STRICT HIERARHICAL SOCIETY. As the flood waters receded, SOWING and PLOWING began, using primitive wooden plows. In addition to such GRAINS as barley and emmer (a coarse wheat), a large variety of VEGETABLES were grown, including onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, peas, radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, and lettuce. There were also FRUITS such as dates, figs, pomegranates, melons and grapes, The abundance of flowers provided nectar for the bees to produce HONEY, which the Egyptians processed. FLAX was grown for making linen, and PAPYRUS was harvested to be converted into paper, ropes, mats, sandals and light skiffs. Although the land was worked by the PEASANTS, it was owned by the king, his officials and the temples. Farmers had to meet GRAIN QUOTAS, which were handed over to the owners as a form of taxation. They were allowed to keep a portion of the crops for their own benefit. If they did not produce the quantity expected, however, they were severely punished.

All people in Egypt were subjects of the pharaoh and the government. The Egyptians liked order and developed a written language, called hieroglyphics, in order to keep records and perform religious tasks. These records were important because the government would store surplus food and distribute it to the people in years of famine. In exchange, the people paid taxes and also worked on large building projects (like the pyramids) while their fields were flooded. Fittingly, Egypt’s society was like a social pyramid. Women had most of the same rights as men, and all people could move up the social pyramid. At some times in Egypt’s history, there were large numbers of slaves, including the Hebrews. Slaves were often captured in wars and were used for massive building projects. Egyptian hieroglyphics were complicated, so scribes and government officials who could write were highly valued. Priests were also important because of the centrality of religion. ROYAL WOMEN: Royal mothers, wives, and daughters derived their status from their relationship with the king. Kings had MANY WIVES and royal families were large. The most prolific was Rameses II, who had eight wives and over a hundred children. To keep the royal bloodline pure, kings often MARRIED within their family, a SISTER or half sister, for example. In a few cases, they married their DAUGHTERS, although it is not clear whether or not these marriages were true conjugal unions. Next to pharaoh, the most powerful officer in the hierarchy was the VIZIER, the EXECUTIVE HEAD of the bureaucracy. The position of vizier was filled by a prince or a person of exceptional ability. His title is translated as "superintendent of all works of the king.“ As the SUPREME JUDGE of the state, the vizier ruled on all petitions and grievances brought to the court. All ROYAL COMMANDS passed through his hands before being transmitted to the scribes in his office. They in turn dispatched orders to the heads of distant towns and villages, and dictated the rules and regulations related to the collection of taxes. The ancient Egyptians remained very conscious of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, and barriers between the classes were quite rigid. Climbing the social ladder was difficult, but it could be achieved through outstanding accomplishments in professions such as that of the scribes and the MILITARY. The military took part in WARFARE and TRADE missions, helping to maintain Egypt's sovereignty and expand its territories. The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the river extremely fertile. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE was practiced by the majority of the peasant population. who played a vital role within the country's STRICT HIERARHICAL SOCIETY. As the flood waters receded, SOWING and PLOWING began, using primitive wooden plows. In addition to such GRAINS as barley and emmer (a coarse wheat), a large variety of VEGETABLES were grown, including onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, peas, radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, and lettuce. There were also FRUITS such as dates, figs, pomegranates, melons and grapes, The abundance of flowers provided nectar for the bees to produce HONEY, which the Egyptians processed. FLAX was grown for making linen, and PAPYRUS was harvested to be converted into paper, ropes, mats, sandals and light skiffs. Although the land was worked by the PEASANTS, it was owned by the king, his officials and the temples. Farmers had to meet GRAIN QUOTAS, which were handed over to the owners as a form of taxation. They were allowed to keep a portion of the crops for their own benefit. If they did not produce the quantity expected, however, they were severely punished.

Different levels of society, different roles

Perfume Whigs Mirror

Baths, beauty, wines

Decline of Egypt Egyptian history is divided into Kingdoms. Menes founded the first Egyptian dynasty around 2925 BCE, but he was a king and not a pharaoh. The first pharaohs ruled around 2575 BCE, which marks the beginning of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The Old Kingdom was the time of pyramid construction and lasted about 400 years. This period was interrupted after a famine weakened the power of the pharaohs. They resumed control with the Middle Kingdom in about 1938 BCE. Around1640 BCE, the Middle Kingdom was overrun – literally – by chariot-riding invaders known as the Hyksos. This marked the end of the River Valley time period in Egypt. However, the pharaohs would rise again!

After our notes: Work on the map activity located on the back of your Egypt note sheet. Use the page number on the sheet to find the map you need to look at to complete your own. You will use the ANCIENT WORLD (green/blue) textbooks on the shelf. We will watch Crash Course if there is time today.

BELLRINGER: 9/21 and 9/22 Pick up the papers by the door.

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BELLRINGER: 9/21 and 9/22 Pick up the papers by the door.

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