1. Teknologi Dan Rekayasa
HAND TOOLS

2. RULES AND TAPES Objective :
After studying this unit, the student should be able to :
Identify and describe the types of rules
Select and use a rule properly
Use the correct tape to make inside, outside and circumference measurement.

3. RULES AND TAPES
The common measuring tools used by the worker are the zig-zag or folding rule, the circumference rule, the push-phull steel tape, and the 50 or 100 foot steel tape
All linear measurement tools are calibrated in graduation of 1/16, 1/8, ¼, ½ inch, and full inches. The angular measurement tools are calibrated in degrees or one half degrees (30 minutes)

4. ZIG-ZAG RULE
The the zig-zag rule is made of wood or steel and aluminum in 3 to 8 foot lengths, and it may have outside or inside readings. The worker prefers to use the inside reading rule because it lies flat and close to the work.
This increases accuracy in lay out work. The carpenter uses the outside reading rule. For convenience in reading, many rule use red numbers for the foot marks and black for the inch divisions. Likewise, standard stud spacing (16 inches) is shown in large numbers.

5. ZIG-ZAG RULE
AXIS

6. HOW TO USE THE ZIG-ZAG RULE
1. Hold the rule in one hand and unfold the sections one at a time until the decimal length is obtained.
Caution :
Place a drop of oil at each joint to avoid breaking the rule when unfolding.
2. Place the unfolded rule flat on the metal surface
3. Adjust the end to the starting point of measurement
4. Mark the desired length with a scratch awl.

7. HOW TO USE THE ZIG-ZAG RULE
1. Hold the rule in one hand and unfold the sections one at a time until the decimal length is obtained.
Caution :
Place a drop of oil at each joint to avoid breaking the rule when unfolding.
2. Place the unfolded rule flat on the metal surface
3. Adjust the end to the starting point of measurement
4. Mark the desired length with a scratch awl.

8. CIRCUMFERENCE RULE
The circumference rule is a standard rule used by all types workers. It is used not only in measurement, but also in the lay out of straight lines on flat and curved surfaces.
This rule comes in lengths of 36 and 48 inches. Its width is 1¼ inches. On one edge the inch scale is graduated in sixteenths, and on the opposite edge the circumference lengths are graduated in eighths.

9. CIRCUMFERENCE RULE
The reverse side of the rule has formulas for calculating circumference and areas and tables for laying out measures and cans of various capacities.

10. HOW TO USE THE CIRCUMFERENCE RULE
1. Use the rule for straight line measurement as outlined for the zig-zag rule.
2. For line layout, place the edge of the rule at two measured points and draw a line with scratch awl.
3. To measure a circumference, locate the diameter on the inch scale and read directly below it on the other edge.
4. Lay off the circumference length, starting from the zero end of the rule to the length located in step 3.

11. THE PUSH-PULL STEEL TAPE
The Push-pull steel tape is manufactured for the convenience of the worker. It fits easily into a pocket or tool kit. Push-pull can be obtained in lengths of 6, 8, 10, and 12 feet and widths of ¼, ½, 5/8 and ¾ inches.
Some tapes having spring rewinds, but others must be hand operated. The end of the tape is usually fitted with a steel hook for ease in taking measurements.
The inch scale, usually on both edges of one side only, is customarily in sixteenths.
Some tapes, however, are graduated in thirty seconds for the first six inches.

12. THE PUSH-PULL STEEL TAPE
The winding case has a flat bottom of a definite length for accurate inside measurements.
Some have a small red pointer to indicate the direct reading.
The flexibility of this tape makes it suitable for measuring curved and round surface.

13. HOW TO TAKE AN INSIDE MEASUREMENT
1. Put the end of the tape against one side of the opening. Uncoil the tape across the opening toward the opposite side.
2. Hold the tape at the starting position and continue extending it until the outer edge of the case butts against the opposite side of the opening.
3. Add the width of the tape case usually 2 inches to the reading. Another type of pocket rule allows direct reading of the inside measurement by a small red pointer.

14. HOW TO TAKE AN OUTSIDE MEASUREMENT
1. Pull the tape from the case until it projects enough to permit measuring the required distance.
2. Hook the end of the tape over the end of the object to be measured.
3. Read the measurement on the tape according to the graduation which lines up with the point being measured.

15. HOW TO MEASURE THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CYLINDER
1. Pull the tape out a short distance and hold the end close to the cylinder.
2. Pull the tape around the cylinder as if wrapping it. Hold the end in a fixed position as you uncoil the tape from the case. Completely encircle the cylinder with the tape so that it goes beyond the point where it first made contact with the surface of the cylinder,
3. Note which graduations are in line where the tape crosses at the starting point. If the 1 inch and 7 inch graduations are in line the circumference is found by subtracting the 1 inch reading from the 7 inch reading. Therefore, 6 inches is the circumference measurement.

16. The End