Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Challenges in the Middle East
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How can the Arab-Israel conflict be peacefully resolved? How can global terrorism be prevented?
2
TEKS and Objectives We will… I will…
(13F) explain how Arab rejection of the State of Israel has led to ongoing conflict (14A) summarize the development and impact of radical Islamic Fundamentalism and the subsequent use of terrorism by some of its adherents (14B) explain the U.S. response to terrorism from September 11, 2001 to the present (23B) identify examples of how religious influence on various events referenced in the major eras of world history Evaluate both sides of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
3
The Three Little Pigs
4
The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Lesson in Perspective
5
One House, Two Stories: Dalia
“Growing up, Dalia would frequently ask her parents and teachers: ‘What are these houses we are living in?’ ‘These are Arab houses,’ she was told. ‘What are these Arab houses that everyone talks about?’ she would reply. Dalia’s school was in an Arab house, and there she would learn Israel’s history. She learned about the creation of the state of Israel as a safe haven for the Jews. She studied the War of Independence as the story of the few against the many. The Arabs had invaded, Dalia would read, in order to destroy the new state and throw the Jews into the sea. Most nations confronted with such hostilities would have been paralyzed, but tiny Israel had withstood five Arab armies. Little David had defeated Goliath. As for the Arabs, Dalia’s textbooks would report that they ran away, deserting their lands and abandoning their homes, fleeing before the conquering Israeli Army. The Arabs, one textbook of the day declared, ‘Preferred to leave’ once the Jews had taken their towns. Dalia accepted the history she was taught. Still, she was confused. Why, she wondered, would anyone leave so willingly?” --Excerpt from: The Lemon Tree by Sandy Tolan, page 115
6
One House, Two Stories: Bashir
“We were exiled by force of arms. We were exiled on foot. We were exiled to take the earth as our bed. And the sky as a cover. And to be fed from the crumbs of those among the governments and international organizations who imparted their charity. We were exiled but we left our souls, our hopes and our childhood in Palestine. We left our joys and sorrows. We left them in every corner, and on every grain of sand in Palestine. We left them with each lemon fruit, with each olive. WE left them in the roses and flowers. We left them in the flowering tree that stands with pride at the entrance of our house in al-Ramla. We left them in the remains of our fathers and ancestors. We left them as witnesses and history. We left them, hoping to return.” --Excerpt from: The Lemon Tree by Sandy Tola, page 217
7
Historical Background
Palestine Region in the Middle East Location of Jerusalem Home to Muslims, Christians, and Jews Pre-WWI Palestine controlled by Ottoman Empire After WWI Palestine controlled by British until granted independence
9
Historical Background
Balfour Declaration (1917) Britain supports idea of creating Jewish homeland Zionism Movement to create Jewish homeland in Palestine Many Jews immigrate to Palestine
10
Claims to the Land Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective
Ancestors lived in area nearly 2,000 years ago Jerusalem home to important religious events Ancestors have been living in area nearly 2,000 years Mohammad believed to have ascended into heaven in Jerusalem
11
Reflection If you were Israeli, why might you think you should live on the land that is now Israel? If you were Palestinian, why might you think you should live on the land that is now Israel?
12
UN Plan for Palestine (1947)
Partition No Arab on committee Divided area into 2 countries Accepted by Jews; Rejected by Arabs Israel Jewish State Palestine Arab State
13
UN Plan for Palestine (1947)
Distribution of Land 55% for Jews; 45% for Arabs 1.2 million Arabs; 600,000 Jews Jerusalem “international city” controlled by UN
14
1948 War May 14, 1948 May 15, 1948 Israel officially formed
Israel attacked by six Arab nations Approx. 750,000 Palestinians fled/forced to leave Approx. 800,000 Jews in Arab countries fled/forced to leave for Israel
15
1948 War Israel After War: Israeli Borders Expand
Jordan controls West Bank Egypt controls Gaza Strip Israeli Borders Expand Majority of Palestine Western Jerusalem
16
Partition and 1948 war Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective
Partition creates state of Israel War was fought for independence Holocaust and other violent acts would not have happened if Jews had a homeland Had not input on partition Catastrophe After war, Palestine lost their land to Arab countries or Israel
17
Reflection If you were Israeli, how might you feel about the creation of the state of Israel and the war that began the next day? If you were Palestinian, how might you feel about the creation of the state of Israel and the war that began the next day?
18
1956 Suez Canal Crisis Suez Canal Israel Attacks Ceasefire Agreement
Nationalized by Egypt Closed to Israel blocking access to Red Sea Israel Attacks Backed by France and the United Kingdom Ceasefire Agreement Israel withdraws troops UN Peacekeepers sent to maintain peace in the area
19
The Six Day War (1967) Israel Believes Neighbors are Preparing for War
Egypt asks UN to leave/denies Israel access to Red Sea Jordan and Egypt sign mutual defense agreement Continued terrorist attacks from Syria
20
The Six day War 1967 Israeli Surprise Attack on Egypt on June 5, 1967
Also attacks Syria, Jordan Defeat all in 6 days Take control of West Bank, Gaza Strip Control of all Jerusalem Control of Sinai Control of Golan Heights
21
Perspectives on Aftermath of the Six Day War
Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective Buffer zone gained to deter future attacks Begin to build settlements in West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights Unified Jerusalem under Israeli control West Bank and Gaza Strip become “Occupied Territories” Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) begin to use terrorism to attract attention to their cause
22
Reflection If you were Israeli, how might you feel about the Six Day War and its outcome? If you were Palestinian, how might you feel about the Six Day War and its outcome?
23
Camp David Accords (1978) Anwar al-Sadat Menachim Begin Jimmy Carter
Egyptian President Menachim Begin Israel’s Prime Minister Jimmy Carter U.S. President Invited al-Sadat and Begin to Camp David Helped negotiate a peace between Egypt and Israel
24
Camp David Accords Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective
Willing to give up land in exchange for peace Egypt finally recognizes Israel as a country Sadat assassinated by Muslim extremists in 1981 Jordan signs peace agreement with Israel in 1994
25
Reflection If you were Israeli, how might you feel about the Camp David Accords? If you were Palestinian or a resident of an Arab country, how might you feel about the Camp David Accords?
26
The Intifada Palestinian Uprising Israeli Military Responds
Against Israeli occupation, living conditions, and independence Demonstrations, strikes, boycotts, rock-throwing, and gasoline bombs Israeli Military Responds Approx. 400 Israelis killed Approx Palestinians killed
27
Peace Efforts Continued
Oslo Accords (1993) Palestinian Leader Yasser Arafat Israel’s Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin Tried to negotiate a peace recognizing both sides existence Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist in 1995
28
Second Intifada Ariel Sharon Palestinian Violence Erupts
Israeli politician Visited Temple Mount in Jerusalem Palestinian Violence Erupts Buses, discos, hotels, and fast food restaurants blown up by suicide bombers Israeli Military Responds Over 4500 Palestinians killed Over 1000 Israelis killed
29
Reflection If you were Israeli, how might you feel about the Intifadas and peace efforts during the 1990s? If you were Palestinian, how might you feel about the Intifadas and peace efforts during the 1990s?
30
The Gaza Strip Israel Removes Settlements (2005) Hamas
Gave much control of area to Palestinian government Exceptions: border, airspace, coastline Hamas Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization Takes control of Gaza Hamas and Israel agreed to ceasefire in
31
Current Issue: Two-State Solution
Israeli and Palestinian leaders working on compromise for the peaceful existence of both states Backed by the U.S.
32
Current Issue: Jerusalem
Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective Sees Jerusalem as its capitol Sees East Jerusalem as its capitol
33
Current Issue: Settlements
Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective Israeli settlements exist in West Bank and East Jerusalem 270,000 Israeli settlers in West Bank Israeli settlements against the idea of a Palestinian state
34
Current Issue: Security Barrier
Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective Israel building barrier (wall) between it and West Bank Necessary to prevent further suicide bombers Barrier extends beyond border into West Bank territory
35
Current Issue: Movement
Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective Palestinians need permission to leave West Bank Necessary to prevent terrorism Restriction limits jobs, health care, education, etc. Standard of living in the West Bank less than Israel’s
36
Current Issue: Security and Terrorism
Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective Terrorist Organizations Hamas in Gaza Hezbollah in Lebanon Continue to fire rockets into Israel Individuals commit acts of terror Can’t stereotype all Palestinians as terrorists Palestinian government denounces terrorism
37
Current Issue: Right of Return
Israeli Perspective Palestinian Perspective If Palestinians return and reclaim land, it can mean the end of Israel as a Jewish state As refugees, Palestinians believe they should be able to return to their or their family’s lands in Israel
38
Reflection If you were Israeli, how might you feel about the Two-State Solution and the current issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict? If you were Palestinian, how might you feel about the Two-State Solution and the current issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict?
39
Radical Islamic Fundamentalism
40
OPEC and Oil as a Political Weapon
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Many members located around Persian Gulf Refused to sell oil to countries friendly with Israel High oil prices gave them wealth and power
41
The Iranian Revolution (1979)
Shah Reza Pahlavi Adopted Western culture/technology Government guilty of corruption/repression Overthrown by rebels Ayatollah Khomeini Islamic Fundamentalist Iran’s new ruler
42
The Iranian Revolution
Radical Islamic Fundamentalism Sought to restore basic Muslim values Reaction to Western influences Calls for strict enforcement of Sharia (Islamic) law Iran under Khomeini Constitution based on the Quran (theocracy) Supported terrorists in Lebanon and elsewhere
43
The Iranian Revolution
Iranian Hostage Crisis 52 American hostages held at U.S. Embassy in Tehran Released hostages 444 days later
44
The First Gulf War Saddam Hussein U.S. Response
Imposed brutal dictatorship in Iraq Engaged in brutal war with Iran for 8 years Invaded oil-rich Kuwait U.S. Response Feared invasion of Saudi Arabia Troops sent to expel Iraqis from Kuwait Allowed Hussain to remain in power
45
Al-Qaeda and the September 11, 2001 Attacks
Osama bin Laden Wealthy Saudi Helped fight against Soviets in Afghanistan Angered by U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia Al-Qaeda Terrorist organization formed by bin Laden Radical Islamic Fundamentalists Fighting Jihad (holy war) against West Trained members in Afghanistan camps
46
Al-Qaeda and the September 11, 2001 Attacks
Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked U.S. commercial airliners Crashed into World Trade Center and Pentagon George W. Bush U.S. President Declared “War on Terrorism”
47
The War in Afghanistan Taliban U.S. in Afghanistan
Radical Islamic Fundamentalists Gained control of Afghanistan after Soviet defeat Imposed strict religious beliefs Allowed terrorist groups (al-Qaeda) to operate training camps U.S. in Afghanistan Afghan government refused to surrender bin Laden U.S. and allies invaded and overthrew Taliban Bin Laden captured/killed in 2011
48
The Second Gulf War Iraq U.S. in Iraq
World leaders suspected Hussain was hiding WMDs (weapons of mass destruction – nuclear, biological, chemical weapons) Refused to allow UN inspectors to monitor country U.S. in Iraq U.S. and allies invaded in 2003 Hussain captured and executed WMDs were never found
49
The Arab Spring (2011) Arab Spring Dictators Overthrown
Series of protests and rebellions that spread throughout the Middle East Started in Tunisia Spread to Bahrain, Yemen, and Sudan Dictators Overthrown Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya
50
The Arab Spring Syria Bashar al-Assad used brutal force to stay in power Ongoing civil war has causes a refugee crisis
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.