NAFA NAFA Best Practice Guideline For Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities Accreditation for Technicians involved in the installation, operation and maintenance.

NAFA NAFA Best Practice Guideline For Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities Accreditation for Technicians involved in the installation, operation and maintenance of air filtration systems The purpose of this training is to provide you with the knowledge and expertise to take and pass the national NAFA exam and become a NAFA Certified Technician (NCT). NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Estimated Deaths – Hospital Acquired Infections
90,000 People Die of Hospital-acquired Infections per year And Costs… $4.5 Billion Per Year Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Even with the best of modern techniques, the Centers for Disease Control and prevention estimate over 90,000 people die each year due to hospital-acquired diseases – 75,000 of which are preventable. We at NAFA believe many of these deaths attributable to upper respiratory infections could be prevented with best practice use of higher efficiency air filtration. NAFA Copyright 2013V2

Filter Gap NAFA Copyright 2015V8
Here is an example of not sizing the pleats correctly or need of a filler piece to complete the row. This type of spacing is not unusual, especially in units by Trane where the coil is usually an odd size that will not accommodate typical standard pleats. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Installation Error NAFA Copyright 2015V8
These pleated filters do not reach the end of the track and need a filler piece to complete the install. Plus, they are installed with the pleats horizontal instead of correctly – vertical. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

This unit is located on a ceiling and the rope is attempting to hold the filter in the unit.
NAFA Copyright 2015V8

It appears this filter was missed on the change list for many years.
NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HEPA Filter Removed after 2 years in service
This HEPA filter shows the kind of damage that can occur upon installation if the installer does not know how fragile these filters are and how easily they can be destroyed. HEPA Filter Removed after 2 years in service NAFA Copyright 2015V8

AIA Filtration For Hospitals*
Area Designation No Filter Bank Filter Bank filter beds # #2 All areas for inpatient care, MERV MERV 15 treatment and diagnosis, and those areas providing direct service or clean supplies such as sterile and clean processing, etc. Protective Environment rooms MERV % (MERV 17) Laboratories MERV 14 Adm, bulk storage, soiled holding MERV 7 Areas, food preparation areas and Laundries *Guideline for Design and Construction of Hospital and Healthcare Facilities – Table 7.3 The new American Institute of Architects Guidelines for Design and Construction of Hospital and Health Care Facilities provides the air filter efficiency numbers for critical areas of a hospital or healthcare facility. Emphasize no fiberglass throwaway filters..everything starts at MERV 6 and above. Copyright National Air Filtration Association 2015V8

The cleaner the air, the healthier it is for us to breathe
Simple Logic The cleaner the air, the healthier it is for us to breathe With all of the possible things that can be found in the air we breath, this entire presentation is based on the simple premise that cleaner air is healthier to breathe than contaminated air. By contaminated, we mean contaminated with microorganisms, common dust, and vapors. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Your Silent Partner Air comfort (hot or cold) is a lot more noticeable than air cleanliness Air filters remove contaminants from the air continually 24/7 The higher the efficiency of the filter, the higher the level of contaminant removal NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Typical Airborne Microorganisms
This slide shows sizes of some typical microorganisms you might find in the air. Just as a reminder, the hair on your head is about 80 micrometers in diameter so all of these are extremely small and can be inhaled deeply into your lung. (Eukaryotic cells are typical animal cells with nucleus, DNA, etc….Cyanobacterium is blue-green algae type that does photosynthesis, Escherichia aka E. Coli is found in waste matter –not in air hopefully- ) Viruses are of course the smallest of the microorganisms and are found in the air and can spread to humans through the airborne route. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Sizes and shapes of virus
Here are the some of the same microorganisms shown in nanometer – 10 to the 9th power. As you can see, we can use certain bacteriophage to mimic viruses when testing filters. MS2 –which was used as a surrogate test organisms to test air filters ability to capture viruses is nanometers – similar to rhinovirus (aka the common cold virus). NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Respiratory infectious contaminants cause sneezing and coughing, which
expel an estimated 107 infectious virions per ml of nasal fluid Nasal secretions can travel at a velocity of over 20m per second and a distance greater than 3m (about 10 feet) to contaminate surrounding fomites. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Influenza - Main Methods of Transmission
Droplet – transmission is by direct sneezing or coughing onto conjunctiva (eyes) or mucosa membrane – (mouth) Contact Transmission –indirect through touching secretion on fomites (money) or directly by touching infected individual Airborne – droplet nuclei – does not require direct contact with infected person Viruses are typically transmitted one of three ways; Droplet with physical contact – someone sneezes on you; Contact through touch-fomites; inhalation of droplet nuclei in the air – this is the one we want to focus on and remove through filtration. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Addition of UVGI NAFA Copyright 2015V8 55V8
Capturing microorganisms using the HVAC air filtration system is an excellent way to make the air in your building cleaner and healthier for your occupants. The addition of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation – UVGI – when properly designed and properly applied, can add an effective one-two punch to removal and rendering microorganisms non-viable NAFA Copyright 2015V8 55V8

Penetration Into Lung NAFA Copyright 2015V8
As a quick biology lesson, our noses can stop particles in the range of 9 micrometers, and the respiratory system works well to rid our bodies of particles down to about 3 micrometers. Smaller particles go deeper into the lung. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

5 Different Areas Hospital Specific Filtration Emergency Room
Isolation/Intensive Care Unit Operating Suite Patient Room General and Administrative There are 5 major areas to be filtered in hospitals and healthcare environments – each has its own characteristics and demands for clean air NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HVAC Equipment Airflow Heating Cooling Coil Coil Filter Section
All HVAC systems are composed of a basic design – filter section, heating coil, cooling coil and a motor and blower. Filter Section NAFA Copyright 2015V8

System Design Considerations
Higher Efficiency Filtration positive filter clamping mechanism Downstream Final Filter Section Airflow Upstream Filter Section Heating Coil Cooling Coil Pre-filtration Adequate space To install filters *In-line *Upstream/downstream Room at site System design considerations include: All safety regulation must be met; Air filter systems must be designed and fabricated so that there is adequate space to install the filters; The filter holding system must use a positive clamping mechanism to prevent air bypass; The system must be designed to include increased pressure (resistance to the flow of air) as air filters load with dirt. Downstream filters installed for final filtration into critical areas Safety Regulations NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Equipment Effects In The Past Clean Coils Clean fan/motor/bearings
Clean Ductwork Clean Furniture and Fixtures For the most part, mechanical technicians still think of filters in terms of keeping their equipment in good working order, avoiding shutdown and repair time and keeping the inside of the facility looking neat and clean. This also equates to keeping the building inhabitants comfortable at the correct temperature and RH. But a key component is keeping people heath and productive by providing good quality – cleaned air to the space. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

People Effects Today Protect equipment from microorganism growth
Clean air of airborne microorganisms that can cause infection Remove potential for cross-contamination person-to-person Prevent contaminant/odor introduction This is the current reasons you should be following when it comes to air filtration with the side benefit of keeping your systems clean. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Principles of Air Filtration
How Filters- Filter Straining Impingement Interception Diffusion Electrostatic attraction Most people think filtration in terms of straining, but this is the least use principle and just one way a filter removes particles from the airstream. Let’s take a closer look at all five. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Straining Airflow Very large particles are captured
between two fibers. Airstream Particle Fiber A basic concept is that the functional part of a filter is the media and that media is made up of fibers, be they glass, synthetic, metallic, ceramic, etc. Straining is indeed a mechanism of filtration, but only acts on the largest particles in the air – for instance, leaves, lint, and droplets. Airflow NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Impingement Airflow Larger particles do not move around
the fiber with the airstream and are carried into the fiber due to their momentum. Particle Airstream Fiber Airflow By a show of hands, how many have an SUV? Let’s put you are in the driver’s seat, the accelerator is strapped at wide open and you are headed toward a forest. You’ll probably miss the first tree, and possibly the second, however the momentum of the car will ultimately hit a tree. Same with big particles traveling at high rates of speed. The airstream will flow around the fiber, but the particle, with more mass, will exit the airstream and impact itself on a fiber. NAFA Copyright 2015V8 3

Interception Midsize particles move along with Airflow airstream lines
and contact a Fiber. Fiber and Particle size dependent Airflow Particle Airstream Fiber Some particles just pass close enough to the fiber that they are attached and held by van der Waal’s forces. These are same charges that allow you to rub a balloon against your hair and stick it to a wall. These are weak electrical charges from the particle and caused by the air moving across the fibers of the filter. Particles cling to the fiber with van der Waal’s forces until another force that is stronger dislodges them. This fact can be proved when you next change your filter. Knock it against the floor and thousands of particles will fall to the floor. The same is true if the particle is overcome by drag forces of the airstream. Airflow NAFA Copyright 2015V8 5

Diffusion Smaller particles move randomly Airflow across airstream
lines and contact fibers by Brownian Motion. Optimum at lower airflows. Airflow Particle Fiber Airstream Smaller particles moving at slower speeds are captured because they are literally pushed against the fiber by gas molecules in the air. This mechanism is known as Brownian Movement and you may have seen this as you looked through a microscope in high school biology – the “vibration like” movement of small objects as they are pushed upon by other forces. Airflow NAFA Copyright 2015V8 4

Electrostatic Attraction
- Airflow Particles are pulled to the fiber due to electrostatic attraction (charge) of the fiber, that is opposite of the particle charge. Particle + Airstream Fiber Airflow This is similar to Interception – two slides ago with the van der Waal’s forces – however this mechanism is wholly dependant on the particle having a slightly larger concentration of an opposite charge concentrated at one point in the particle that are attracted to the opposite charge of the fiber. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Graph of Principles Straining NAFA Copyright 2015V8
This graph shows the relationship between Diffusion, Interception and Impingement. Diffusion is higher at lower velocities with smaller particles, impingement is higher at higher velocities with larger particles and Interception is fairly constant with velocities and is particle and fiber size dependant. Straining NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Filter Efficiencies (ANSI/ASHRAE Std. 52.2-2012)
Low Efficiency: MERV 1-4 Medium Efficiency: MERV 5-12 High Efficiency: MERV 13-16 Particle Ranges E1, E2, and E3 Air filter efficiencies are determined by laboratory testing with a known challenge agent using a standard protocol. This test is known as the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard The test gives a filter a one-number Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) on a specific size of particle. We are showing this number and also an efficiency number used by a previous ASHRAE test that is still in popular use based a particle size of 1 to 3 micrometers. NAFA Copyright 2013V2

Filter Challenge-One Pass
MERV 16 (95% DOP) Cell-Style DP B. atrophaeus S. marcescens MS2 phage Clean Dust Loaded MERV 15 (90/95%) – Pocket Filter Clean Dust Loaded MERV 15 (90/95%) – Minipleat – V-Cell Clean Dust Loaded MERV 14 (90/95%) – Minipleat – V-Cell Clean Dust Loaded Here are the results of filters tested by Research Triangle Institute of North Carolina when challenged with 3 sizes of microorganisms – on both clean filters and fully loaded filters. (highlight the MS2 phage 30 nanometers). NAFA Copyright 2015V8

MERV 12 (80/85%) – Minipleat V-Cell DP B. atrophaeus S. marcescens MS2 phage Clean Dust Loaded MERV 12 (60/65%) – Minipleat Panel Clean Dust Loaded MERV 8 (35/40%) – Synthetic Panel Clean Dust Loaded Same NAFA Copyright 2015V8

ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170
1 filter bank system – MERV 7 General & Administrative Food prep, other outpatient area Airflow 7 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 170 specifies a MERV 7 minimum for 1 bank filter systems. These are for general areas such as administrative, cafeteria, etc. Many administrative areas in hospitals contain large amounts of paper which can result in paper dust and mites that make the work area very uncomfortable. Source filtration is the best answer for these situations. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

2 filter bank system – MERV Patient care areas, general hospital environment Airflow 7 14 A 2-bank filter system is required for the patient care areas whether in a hospital. These filters have efficiencies of 90% on small particles (E1 range) NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Draw-Through/Blow-Through Systems
Some system designs are draw-through and some are blow-through Coils Airflow 7 14 14 Alternate placement Draw through systems usually have a prefilter and second filter upstream of the coils, while a blow-through systems has the second filter downstream of the coils and blower. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HVAC System Dynamics 2 V ρ VP = 1096 TP = SP + VP TP = SP TP VP SP
TP = SP All HVAC systems are alike in that the they are designed to deliver a specific amount (cubic feet per minute - CFM) of air to a space at a specific rate (feet per minute - velocity) at a certain pressure (static determined by the area of the delivery system). Changing any one of these changes the other because Total Pressure is equal to Static Pressure plus Velocity Pressure. TP = total pressure SP = Static Pressure VP = Velocity Pressure NAFA Copyright 2015V8 ACGIH INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION, 22ND EDITION

Water Gauge Water Gauge Pressure – inches of water 1 inch
Water gauge is just that – imagine a plastic tube bent in a “U” shape with water in the bottom. Now, mark the tube in inch increments. Insert one end in the upstream side of the filter bank and the water will rise in the tube as the filter loads. Insert the other end in the downstream side and you can read the differential pressure across the filter. Either way, you have an understanding of the pressure of the “clean” filter versus the pressure as it load with dirt. Pressure drop is one component of filter change data and is used along with “time of the year” by many as a filter change schedule. Filter manufacturers list the final pressure drop of a filter – that point where the filter is at the end of its useful life. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Terminology Pressure Drop – resistance of airflow through a filter (Total Pressure=Static Pressure+Velocity Pressure) SP VP High Low TP System Add-ons Renovations Upgrades The balance example demonstrates the pressure in an HVAC system. What this means is when static pressure in the system goes up, velocity pressure must come down and vice versa – keeping total pressure the same. Remember this teeter totter describes how pressure drop changes in a filter because we increase the amount of media changing the area through which any one square foot of air passes. Chances are your system has been added onto, or renovations and upgrades have changed the pressure characteristics of your system from the original design. Airflow NAFA Copyright 2015V8

When? Specified Pressure Drop Manufacturer’s Recommended Final
Experience Life-cycle costing When do you change a filter? Here are four times… NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Transposing the theoretical line (straight) over the actual would show something like this. What this means is the average pressure drop on the filter is skewed somewhat to the right with most of the pressure, hence electrical usage, occurring at the end of the filter loading. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Showing the amount of time to progress in pressure drop
These are actual readings over time of an HVAC system. Most loading occurs at end of service life NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Filter Pressure Measurement
Filter Pressure Drop is measured in inches of water gauge – (wg) Magnehelic® Manometer Using gauges to measure filter pressure drop is the best way to maximize filter efficiency and system energy usage Digital NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Filter Holding Clips Downstream-style Clips Upstream-style Clips
There are several different styles of filter clips depending on the application. Top left is a style that holds a prefilter to a final filter by attaching it on the front face of the final filter. This does provide some limited seal and is normally used as an add-on to systems that only have one filter track. Bottom left is another of the same type that provides a little higher level of seal and stability and is usually attached to the filter holding frame — not the filter itself. The other types are spring clips that attach to the filter holding frame and provide pressure to the filter to hold it into the frame. These are used for final filters of higher efficiency that require higher holding pressure for a leak-free seal. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Ring and Link Panels Link panels remain connected together and
form a continuous filter completely across the bank. Non-woven polyester ring and link panels are so named because of the metal “ring” inside to give the pad stability. Individually they are called pads and when left connected as they are manufactured, are called a link panel. Link panels are useful in side access applications to cover the entire track cross a bank which allows for little or no air bypass. Synthetic rings and links provide depth loading of particles, by configuring the fibers closer on the downstream side closer than on the upstream side, allowing for larger particle capture to smaller particle capture through the media. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Non-Supported Extended Surface Pocket Filter
Non-supported extended surface filters are called Pocket or Bag filters. They can be made from either microfiberglass or synthetic material and are attached to a backing material and either sewn or heat sealed into a pocket configuration. When shipped, the pockets are folded back and held with a retainer band. Bags should be installed with the pockets in a vertical configuration. Remove the retainer band as you insert the bag into the holding frame. This will prevent accidental tearing of the bag during setting into the frame, and removal will allow the pockets to inflate when the system is activated. Checking downstream with the system in operation will assure that the pockets have all inflated and the filter is working correctly. Bag filters have at least 6 different pocket lengths, 4 or more headers sizes and 4 or more different efficiencies. Technicians should always check carefully for these criteria when working with this filter type. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Types of Box-style Extended Surface Filters
Pleated Filters Separator Cell Type Medium and high efficiency filters are available in a rigid box configuration. The rigid frame can be made from a number of materials including chipboard, light gage metal, plastic or wood. Types include extended surface pleat type which are probably the most popular filter for commercial use, lofted media which uses fingers to separate and hold the microglass or synthetic media in the box, separator type usually using corrugated aluminum for pleat separators and mini-pleat V-type using glue or string as a separator. The mini-pleat utilizes microglass paper closely pleated into a frame. High efficiency filters should always be examined for damage during shipment. Lofted Media Rigid Type Mini-Pleat V-Cell NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Airflow and Efficiency
Newer technologies in media configuration, it is now possible to retrofit most systems with higher efficiency filters with little or no increase in system pressure. Reconfiguring an existing system with more filters (more media area) may reduce the system pressure There are new medias on the market along with newer ways of configuring them in a filter. Many of these filters offer better filtration, longer service life and reduced pressure drop. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Prefilters for High Efficiency Filters
High efficiency filters are almost always prefiltered with a filter of a lower efficiency in front. This is done for two reasons; one, the prefilter is usually an impingement/interception filter and captures larger particles more efficiently than a diffusion or staining filter; second, this prolongs the life of the secondary filter by capturing larger particles in the prefilter. This housing shows a 2” prefilter track followed by a 1” 6” or 12” track depending on the level and type of filter needed. The prefilter track may or may not have gasket material (since it just prefilters the air…the secondary track is always gasketed since it is the final bank and because the efficiency is higher. Note the door gasketing to prevent bypass. This door gasketing also applies pressure across he bank to hold filters in place. Prefilter Secondary Filter NAFA Copyright 2015V8

System Operation & Filter Replacement
Facility managers should keep an accurate record of filters for each unit including the date they were changed along with gauge reading and their number, size and type. Once the system has been started and balanced, a record of the initial pressure reading should be noted. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Filter Pressure Drop Total pressure added by the filter should be close to the air filter manufacturers’ listed initial. If Lower – check for tears, leaks or other damage that would let air bypass the bank If Higher – check for incomplete inflation of pocket filters or debris on filters Once the system is started or restarted after a filter change, readings should be taken to assure proper pressure. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Changing Prefilters - Checklist
Confirm Replacement filters correct with size and number to complete replacement Shut down system – Lock out/Tag out Place filters and carton inside plenum Remove dirty filters – place in empty carton The checklist for changing filters has elements common for all filter changing. System shutdown, lock out/tag out procedures and filter removal and install are some of these. Each system however should be considered separately because of the unique nature of HVAC. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Changing Prefilters - Checklist
5. Install clean filters – assure airflow direction is correct and pleats and pockets are in the vertical position 6. Reinstall fastening devices 7. Remove dirty filters and dispose of in proper manner Other common items are filler pieces and gasketing between filters and on doors. Always check to assure that any leaks have been sealed. Always record data on Filter Change Record NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Changing Prefilters -Checklist
8. Sweep or vacuum area as needed – zero pressure measuring device 9. Restart system and check for proper operation - record pressure and other data on Filter System Record sheet NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Secondary Filters Changing High-efficiency Filters: Same Change Checklist as Prefilters with the exception: Secondary Filters may contain smaller sometimes hazardous particles. When in doubt, always wear PPE when changing secondary filters, especially in a hospital environment Smaller particles may be bacteria, fungi or viruses that might still be viable and cause illness. It is always a good idea to wear Personal Protection Equipment when changing secondary filters. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

3 filter bank system – 99.97% HEPA Intensive Care/Operating areas Emergency Room* Airflow 7 14 99.97% A 3-bank filter system utilizes HEPA filtration as the final filter. Most modern systems are placing the HEPA filter in a module in the ceiling to eliminate air going through any ductwork prior to entering the clean area…thus the air passes through the HEPA filter directly into the space. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

High Efficiency Particulate (HEPA) Air Filter
Throwaway extended-medium dry-type filter in rigid frame having minimum particle-collection efficiency of 99.97% (that is a maximum particle penetration of 0.03%) for 0.3 µm particles of thermally-generated DOP particles or specified alternative aerosol.” --IEST HEPA filters were invented during the Manhattan Project – the making of the nuclear bomb – when scientists discovered they could not work long hours nor communicate effectively with gas masks. Gas mask technology had been developed by the Germans and outlawed during World War I because of the numbers of people it could kill. The Germans continued working on gas mask technology and at the start of the second World War, a German soldier was captured with a gas mask that had a different type of media – asbestos – and could filter out the smallest particles. Fortunately, the nearest source of asbestos was Africa and could not be safely shipped, so the Naval Department of Research was given the task of coming up with a suitable substitute. They found that small glass fibers worked equally well and up to today, HEPA’s are made from micro-glass fibers. HEPA filters have a minimum efficiency of 99.97% on 0.3 micrometer particles when tested with thermally generated dioctypthalate (pronounced di-octal-thilate –all “i’s” are long) NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HEPA Filter Are Always Always Second or Third Filter Bank
Usually Prefiltered with MERV 6 and MERV 14 (Pocket /Rigid or Cell) Always Gasketed – neoprene or fluid seal Always In Locking HEPA Filter Holding Frame Always Exact Size – Not Nominal Always Requires Special Handling & Installation – Personal Protection Equipment Specifics for HEPA filters – Especially the PPE for changing HEPA – also protective clothing should be worn. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HEPA Filter Additionally, HEPA filters should have a pressure drop of
not more than 1” w.g. when tested at rated flow HEPA filters also have up to a 1” pressure drop when clean – no more than this. This specification keeps enough media in the pack to create the efficiency needed for a HEPA. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HEPA Filter – Common Type
HEPA filters may have a metal or wooden box frame. Wood can be 3/4 “ particle board or plywood. Metal can be galvanized steel or stainless. HEPA’s can be installed to filter supply or exhaust air depending on the application and type of hazard. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HEPA Filter Holding Frame
This is a HEPA installed in a HEPA filter holding frame. These frames can be fastened (usually welded) together and configured in whatever needed to meet the CFM needs of the air handler. This filter would normally be found downstream of all fans and blowers in the mechanical room. HEPA with galvaneal frame in HEPA holding frame NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HEPA Filter Combinations
HEPA’s have aluminum, vinyl, string, glue, or no separators holding the pleats apart. Aluminum separators also serve to straighten the air as it moves through the filter. HEPA filters are always gasketed and always sealed inside completely with ureathane or other sealant. installed in a special heavy-duty HEPA filter holding frame with clamps that securely fasten the HEPA against the holding frame with a specified foot-pounds of pressure, allowing for zero bypass of air. Gasket material is closed-cell neoprene foam or a gel seal gasket that utilizes a ½ inch deep track that holds a special non-drying gel that is inserted against a knife-edge holding frame. These are used where the weight of the HEPA will press it against a knife edge as in a ceiling grid module in a cleanroom. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Crank Lock HEPA Housing
Another style is a bolt-lock HEPA housing that utilizes a mechanical tension system with a bolt expanding the tightening mechanism. Bolt-lock frame NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Bolt Lock HEPA Housing When the filter bank can be prefabricated, the use of side access housings for HEPA’s is preferred. The bank can be manufactured and welded air-tight. This housing has screw-down spring latches that hold the HEPA. Springs are designed to be completely collapsed providing the proper tension on the gasket seal. Bolt-lock using thumb-screw tightening mechanism NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Isolation Room Filtration
Bag In / Bag Out Housing Isolation Room Filtration For highly hazardous filtration, it is necessary that the filter housing be designed to completely contain the filters during changing. This containment system is called Bag In/Bag Out because it utilizes a heavy-duty plastic bag to both remove and install the HEPA and the prefilter. NAFA has a special training accreditation for this hazardous protocol NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Ceiling Modules NAFA Copyright 2015V8
These are typical ceiling-mount HEPA modules for hospitals and cleanrooms. These units come in 2 models – one is a disposable module where the collar above is disconnected and the entire module is disposed of, and a second model is called “roomside replaceable” where the front screen opens and the HEPA filter is unbolted from the framing (which is permanent) and a new HEPA is inserted. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

HEPA Ceiling Module NAFA Copyright 2015V8
HEPA filters are configured into ceiling terminal modules for use in cleanroom applications for the micro-processing industry and are becoming more common in use in hospital operating rooms. (highlight the incoming collar and adjustable air damper common on most all modules) NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Fan-Powered Ceiling Module
Some cleanroom applications provide pre-filtered air to the plenum space above the ceiling and use fan-powered terminal modules to provide HEPA filtered air to the space. This also allows for some recirculation of air from the room. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

In-Place Testing for Integrity
In-place testing is a valuable option for ceiling modules to assure they have complete integrity. This service is available from several air filter distributors and other biological testing services. A challenge is introduced upstream and supply air is then checked for the presence of the challenge. This service should also be performed on HEPA located in other parts of he system. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Biological Safety Cabinet
Must be tested for integrity to NSF Std. 49 at least once per year and labeled by testing company These units are located in hospital Pharmacy and Laboratory A biological safety cabinet (BSC) is designed to protect the user, the product, and the environment from contaminants. Using an enclosed hood, the HEPA-filtered air moves contaminated air down and away from the product and user, and then HEPA filters it before it is released to the environment. There are other BSC’s that may be used in the healthcare setting that exhaust air to the outdoors after HEPA filtering. These usually have a special connection to stainless steel ductwork connected to a rooftop mounted blower. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has been used for over 70 years to kill bacteria and viruses in the air. Upper room irradiation became popular in hospital wards in the 1950’s with the outbreak of tuberculosis. In the early 1908’s a company started using UVGI in duct-mounted environments. A moving airstream presents different challenges for UVGI and only recently have different styles of bulbs and research demonstrated the efficacy of UVGI. This research proved that UVGI, when engineered correctly, could be used in conjunition with air filtration to reduce biocontaminants in a facility. The most popular use today is to locate and focus UVGI on cooling coils to reduce biocontaminant buildup on the coil and in the drain pan. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
A static application where the UV light fixtures are mounted on the downstream side of the coil to create an even energy footprint on the coil and drain pan. This will stop mold from growing on both the cooling coil and drain pan and prevent the creation and build up of a biofilm. The biofilm can reduce the heat exchanging capabilities of the cooling coil and decrease the airspeed through the coil lowering the efficiency of the air handler. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Gas Phase Control Systems
Adsorption, Chemisorption saturation and breakthrough Types of Adsorbing Systems Installation, changing and disposal Applications: Soiled laundry, air intakes near loading docks and heliports, laboratories, construction/renovation odors, chemical odors, nuisance odors NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Gas-Phase Filtration Gas molecules are extremely small – well below 1 micrometer range and cannot be captured by typical particulate media. Different Principles for gas-phase filtration Odor molecules are small – in the sub-micrometer range) and there are different principles at work to capture these molecules. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Gaseous Contaminant Removal Principle Methods
Physical - Adsorption Activated carbons Chemical - Chemisorption Potassium permanganate impregnated media Chemically treated activated carbons Because gas molecules are extremely small – much smaller than particles – ranging from 0.01 and below, they must be captured by a different method than particulate filters. Removal of gas-phase odor molecules is done by the mechanisms of Adsorption and Chemisorption. (explain each) NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Principle Methods Adsorption - The process by which one substance is attracted and held onto the surface of another. It is a surface phenomena. Capacity is independent of particle size Adsorption rate is inversely proportional to particle size. Works better at lower temperatures and lower humidity Can be reactivated The analogy of a sponge soaking up water best describes the process of adsorption (not to be confused with absorption) where the sponge is the same, the water is the same, and the water can be removed from the adsorbent. The activated carbon particle is covered with thousands of holes that are measured in Angstrom Units (10-9). Gas molecules are drawn into these holes and condense and are held until another force acts upon it – usually heat used to liberate the gas and reactivate the carbon. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Activated carbon Coal MEDIA Coconut Wood etc. NAFA Copyright 2015V8
Typical media used to make activated carbon are coal, coconut, wood, and then a variety of other substances that can be turned into charcoal. All of these substances have advantages and disadvantages for example, coal may be less expensive than coconut shell, but it tends to shed particulate because it is soft. The application of activated carbon requires knowledge on which substance would be best. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Has Enough Surface Area to Pave a Two Lane Highway
1 Kilogram (2.2 lbs.) of Activated Carbon Has Enough Surface Area to Pave a Two Lane Highway Over 160 Kilometers (100 Miles) Activated carbon has a large surface area (because of those macro and micro pores) and this example shows how much surface area there is in just a small amount. This is why it can trap and hold a large number of gaseous odor molecules. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Principle Methods Chemisorption - The result of chemical reactions on and in the surface of the adsorbent. Fairly specific and depends upon chemical nature of media and the contaminant Irreversible & essentially instantaneous Works better at higher temperatures and higher humidity Chemisorption is as its name implies, a chemical reaction of a gas molecule with a chemically treated carbon particle or a chemical that has been applied to a substance such as potassium permanganate on activated alumina. The chemisorbent usually converts the gas molecule into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Think of cream added to coffee. Once done, it is basically irreversible. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Chemisorption Activated Carbon treated with a chemical (Phosphoric Acid for ammonia odors) Potassium Permanganate (powder) on alumina or other substrate When activated carbon is treated with certain chemicals, it becomes a chemisobent with the ability to convert gas –phase contaminants to other non-noxious compounds. An example would be regular carbon not being very effective on ammonia, yet when treated with phosphoric acid is becomes highly effective. One of the more popular chemisorbants is potassium permanganate. Usually known as “purple pellets,” KMnO4 is used to chemically neutralize many different types of odors. Because sulpur attacks printed circuit boards and destroys them, potassium permanganate (usually mixed with carbon) is used in the petrochemical and paper industry to remove sulphur compounds from the air before they enter into a computer control room. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Carbon Housings Tray type – weight 92 lbs. NAFA Copyright 2015V8
Gas-phase filtration works by slowing the air down through the media and this is accomplished by putting many trays of media in a pleated configuration. In this type of unit, there is 7.5 pounds of media per tray – this housing would hold 90 pounds of media. In many of these types of units, the trays are held in one holding device, thus removal requires caution because of the total weight of the unit. Because carbon can “dust” there is usually a filter both before and after the media bed. Tray type – weight 92 lbs. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Cleaner Air Is Healthier Air
Summary Removing contaminants from the air with efficient air filters helps reduces the spread of microorganisms via the HVAC system Newer, higher MERV number filters are available with low resistance to airflow Facility managers and HVAC Technicians can play a vital role in improving the quality of indoor air for building occupants especially hospital and healthcare facilities Cleaner Air Is Healthier Air In summary – help prevent your HVAC systems from becoming a germ spreading mechanism in your building by exploring higher levels of air filtration that are easily installed. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

Disposal of Gas Phase Media
Gas phase media may have restrictions on its disposal – check with local regulations regarding legal hauling and disposal Carbon with the chemical acetone for example, must be handled as hazardous waste since it can leach back into the ground water supply. This is only one of many restrictions to which attention must be paid when disposing of gas phase media. NAFA Copyright 2015V8

NAFA Over 750 Members Worldwide 2 textbooks on Air Filtration
3 Certification Programs Cognizant Authority on Air Filtration NAFA Copyright 2015V8

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NAFA NAFA Best Practice Guideline For Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities Accreditation for Technicians involved in the installation, operation and maintenance.

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NAFA NAFA Best Practice Guideline For Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities Accreditation for Technicians involved in the installation, operation and maintenance.

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