1. Class Aves Characteristics of All Birds
1. endothermic vertebrates. 2. feathers. 3. four-chambered hearts. 4. bones are lightweight and usually hollow.
5. forelimbs are modified as wings.
6. lay calcium covered eggs.
7. pelvis is fused together.

4. Adaptations for Flight
Honey combed bones
Air cavities
Less weight
Frigate bird
7 foot wing span
4 ounce skeleton

5. Adaptations for Flight
Enlarged sternum
Flight muscle attachment
Long neck
balance

6. Fig. 27.7a

7. Adaptations for Flight
Reduce body weight
No teeth
No urinary bladder
No penis
Only one ovary
Hollow bones

8. Adaptations for Flight
Wing
lift

9. A bird’s body is specialized for flight.
Wings are structures that enable birds to fly.
airfoil shape
covered with feathers

10. Adaptations for Flight
Feathers
Light weight
Strong

14. Feathers: Light outgrowths of the skin of birds that cover and protect the body, provide coloration, and aid in flight.
Barb: The branches of a feather that grow out of the quill and are held together by barbules in flying birds.
Barbules: Hooks that hold the barbs of a feather together in flying birds.
Quill: The hollow central shaft of a feather from which the barbs grow.

15. The quill, in the center of the feather, provides a backbone around which the feather is constructed.
Also called the rachis
Extending from both sides is a linear cluster of barbs.
This is where the majority of the feather's pigments are located.
A network of interlocking hooklets lends both stiffness and flexibility to the feather.
fasten the feathers to one another.
There are about 300 million tiny barbs in one feather alone.

16. three main types of feathers
filoplumes (sensory feathers),
contour feathers, (flight)
down feathers (insulation).

17. Contour Bird Feathers most specialized of all feathers.
form the outline of the body of a bird
feathers of the wings and tail

18. Filoplume Bird Feathers
hairlike structures that grow in circles around the base of contour feathers.
stand up like hairs
made up of a thin rachis with a few short barbs of barbules at the tip.
assist in keeping contours in place during preening, display, and flight.

19. Semiplume Bird Feathers
a large rachis with downy vanes.
the rachis is longer than the longest barbs.
fill in or smooth out the various contours of a bird's body while insulating it
Are hidden beneath the contour feathers and are small and often white.

20. Down and Powder Down Bird Feathers
underplumage of a bird.
beneath the contour feathers
main function insulation
the barbs are not "zipped" together
Powder down feathers
help insulate the bird
grow continuously.
Instead of being molted, the tips disintegrate into a powdery substance.
grow in dense, yellowish patches on the breast, belly, or flanks
soak up water, blood, and slime, protecting the feathers making preening easier.

21. Bristle Bird Feathers Not all species of birds have bristle feathers.
specialized feathers that are believed to perform a tactile function.
Bristles are usually found on the head or neck, often around the mouth or eyelids.

22. Bird anatomy lung gizzard kidney crop small intestine pectoral muscle
large
lung
gizzard
kidney
cloaca
crop
sternum (keel)
heart
liver
pectoral muscle
Bird anatomy

23. Digestive System Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Cloaca Storage Enzymes
Grind food
Cloaca
Waste
Reproduction

24. Digestive system

25. Vision Up to 8 times keener than human vision
Each eye moves independently

26. Respiratory System Nine air sacs Fresh air always moving
Connect to lungs and centers of bones
Cools the bird
Fresh air always moving
No dead ends as in mammals
Each wing beat moves air
Never run out of air

27. Air sacs help a bird meet its oxygen demand during flight.

28. Radius
humerus
ulna
pelvis
Wish
bone
keel
tibiotarsus
femur
tarsometatarsus

29. Fig. 27.7b

30. Benefits of Birds to Man
Eat insects, rodents and weeds
Spread seeds for flowers and trees
Food
Sport
Pets

31. Chicks Altricial Precocial No feathers Cannot walk or see
Cannot feed themselves
Precocial
Down feathers
Can walk and see
Can feed themselves

32. 4 Groupings of birds Birds of prey Flightless birds Song birds
Water birds

33. Birds have spread to many ecological niches due to adaptations.
The shape of a bird’s wing reflects the way it flies.
short and broad
long and narrow
stout and tapered
wide and broad

34. Differences in the shape of a bird’s beak and feet reflects on its diversity.
chisel-shaped
spearlike
hooked
green woodpecker
blue-footed booby
Bald eagle
Birds show great diversity in their foot shape.
different toe location
heavy claws
webbed
green woodpecker
bald eagle
blue-footed booby

36. Beak styles match function

37. Beak Adaptations Ripping flesh Sucking nectar from flowers Filtering
Eating seeds
Drilling wood
Catching fish
Basket-like bill to hold fish caught under water

39. Special Behaviors
Males mark their territory with a distinctive song Birds often return to their nesting ground each nesting season. Courtship patterns – Some have elaborate courtship rituals that sometimes involve songs or plumage displays Most birds incubate their eggs

40. Ornithology – study of birds
Some special terms to describe birds in groups.
A murder of crows* A gaggle of geese* A herd of swans A cast of hawks* A brood of chickens* A murmuration of starlings A watch of nightingales* A host of sparrows A bevy of quails*

41. Gangster birds http://video.pbs.org/video/1225996652/
1. What are the problems with the cow birds?
2. How are we causing the problem?
3. What was breaking the eggs in the nest?