1. SNJB’s Department of Civil Engineering
Late Sau Kantabai Bhavarlalji Jain College of Engineering,Chandwad(Nashik)
Department of Civil Engineering
BASIC CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Prepared By :-
Mr. T. H. Sonawane Mr. S. N. Sharma
Lecturer, Civil Engg. Dept. Asst.Professor, Civil Engg. Dept.
SNJB’s KBJ COE Chandwad SNJB’s KBJ COE Chandwad
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

2. CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering is a Professional branch of Engineering which deals with Planning, Designing, Construction and Maintanance of Physical and the Environmental Works like Road, Bridge, Dams, Buildings etc.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

3. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
BASIC AREAS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
SURVEYING
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
QUANTITY SURVEYING
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
TOWN PLANNING
REMOTE SENSING
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

4. Disciplines and Engineer
Surveying Surveyor
Construction Engineering Site Engineer
Project Management Project / Construction Manager
Quantity Surveying Estimator / Estimation Engg / Valuer
Earthquake Engineering Seismic Engineer
Town Planning Town Planner
Geology Geologist
Structural Engineering Structural Engineer
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

5. Applications of Civil Engineering Disciplines
Surveying
Preperation of Maps and Plans
Relative Position of Earth Surface
Horizontal Distance bet. Two Points.
Allignment, Gradient and Levels of Road, Railway, Tunnel, Bridge, Electric Tower/ Pole, water supply lines, sewage lines, gas lines.
Contour Maps
Horizontal Distance and Vertical Difference bet. Various points on the ground.
Aerial Photography of Earth’s Surface
Remote Sensing (An advanced method of surveying)
Area under Agriculture, Area under Forest.
Investigation of Rocks
Environmental Studies and Monitoring Water Resources.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

6. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
Substructure
Superstructure
Types of Structures
Load Bearing Structures
Framed Structures
Composite Structures
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

7. Modes of Transportation system
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Modes of Transportation system
Roadways
Railways
Airways
Waterways
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

8. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING ..deals with design, development, Construction and Maintanance of 1. Roadways 2. Railways 3. Airways 4. Docks / Waterways 5. Tunnels 6. Bridges
[May2002,04,06,07,Dec.09]
Easy and quick transportation of Goods and materials.
Faster development of area, Increasing the accessibility of Remote and rural areas.
Vital role in Emergency, War, Natural and Artificial Calamities.
e.g. Role of Bridges, Airways in case of Flood
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

9. Roadways District Roads (DR) Village Roads (VR)
Roads are classified based on its location, area and use (Purpose)
National Highways (NH)
Width 7m-15m
Connects the capital cities of various states.
Makes an important link for Transportation of men & Material
Carries fast and heavy traffic.
State Highways (SH)
Width 7m-10m
Connects national highways and the district places
Medium and fast to traffic.
District Roads (DR)
Roads connecting each district place to taluka place.
Width of road varies from 5m - 8m.
These roads carry moderate traffic
Village Roads (VR)
Connects any village to district road.
These are kuchha road or Earthen road.
Only light traffic is expected.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

10. Layers of Road Pavement 3 Dimensional Section of Road Pavement
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

11. Roadways Roads are classified based on Materials.. Earthen Road
[May2004]
Roads are classified based on Materials..
Earthen Road
Kuchha Road made by earthen material, used in village areas
Water Bound Macadam Road
Bigger sized pieces of stone at bottom course
Sub-grade layer of broken pieces of stone is prepared of size varying from 25 mm – 75mm.
Compacted base for bitumen & concrete road
Bituminous Road
The flexible pavement, smooth wearing course layer at the top & bitumen acts as a binder.
On the prepared WBM surface, layer of chip of stones (16-20mm) with bitumen in the layer(30-40mm THK)
Cement Concrete Road
The rigid pavement, rigid wearing surface layer at the top.
There is no possibility of Corrugations, Difficult to maintain and repair, as rigid pavement.
Life span and durability is more than bituminous road.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

12. Railways (Indian Railways)
Cheapest means of mass transportation
Life line of nation and the largest network in Asia.
Rail –
Continuous girders carrying axial load, provides smooth and uniform surface
Takes lateral stresses and the thermal stresses.
Transfers the load through sleepers and ballast.
[May2005,2007]
Ballast
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

13. Types of Rails (Rail Section)
Double Headed Rail (D. H. Rail)
Bull Headed Rail (B. H. Rail)
Flat footed Rail (F. F. Rail)
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

14. Typical Cross Section of a Railway Track
Gauge – The clear distance bet. Inner faces of Rails [May2005,2008,2010, Dec.2005]
Types of Gauges
Narrow Gauge m
Meter Gauge m
Broad Gauge – m
[May2005,2007]
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

15. Zones of Indian RailwayCR
Central Railway ER
Eastern Railway WR
Western Railway
NER
North Eastern Railway SR
Southern Railway
SCR
South Central Railway
SER
South Eastern Railways NR
Northern Railways
NFR
North East Frontier Zone
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

16. Irrigation Engineering. [Dec
Irrigation Engineering [Dec.2006] …deals with development of Water Resources and proper arrangement of Distribution of Water.
Applications : [May2004,2005]
Development of Water resource at right Place
Determining the capacity of Reservoir
Supply of Water at less rainfall and Summer period
Construction and Maintanance of Dams, Canals and Regulatory works
Crop Rotation
Finding the Capacity of Reservoir, Study of Flood Control Devices
Develop new techniques like Drip Irrigation, Sprinkler Irrigation.
Design of Different structures.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

17. PROJECT MANAGEMENT ..deals with monitoring the project using Management Principles 3M (Men, Money and Material)
Plan of Project w.r.t. time
Optimium use of Resources, timely procurement of Material, Deploying Labours as and when required.
Project Management Tools – to plan activities, timing & sequence
Bar Chart
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

18. Structural Engineering
Structural Engineering ..deals with Planning, designing of structural members of building like beams, columns, slabs, footings etc.
Methods of Structural Design
Working Stress method
Ultimate load theory
Limit State Method.
Applications
Design of Structural elements.
Failure Analysis
Rehabilitation of old or defective structures
Consultancy Proof
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

19. Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering
Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering .. deals with the study of soil, its behaviour when external load is applied on it and its application. To study the load carrying capacity of soil. 1. Trial Pits 2.Plate Load Test on Ground.
Applications
Designing the earthen dam and embankment
Capability of sub-grade, Thickness of pavement of Road.
Characteristics of Soil like Permeability, Compaction and Consolidation
Analysis of soil behind the retaining wall.
Designing different types of foundation for the structure
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

20. Foundation Engineering-
Foundation Engineering- ..deals with design, construction ,maintanance of footing, foundation and other structural member which acts as foundation
Foundation-is part of structure which is in direct contact with and transmits loads to ground.
Services of Foundation
Carries loads and transfer it to ground safely
Minimizes differential settlement of structure, within permissible limits
Prevents lateral escape of the supporting material
Increase stability ,Prevent from sliding and overturning
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

21. Environmental Engineering-
Environmental Engineering- ..deals with water supply ,disposal of waste water from domestic and industrial use
1}Water Supply-
Water from sources is treated in W.T.P. and made potable then supplied by network of pipes to people
Water supply and its treatment comes under Environmental engineering
2}Sanitary Engineering-
Treatment of Domestic and industrial waste water
waste cause various diseases hence made harmless.
3} Environmental pollution –
Air pollution, sound pollution ,thermal pollution and water pollution
Effect of pollution has been observed on human beings ,plants ,animals and even on buildings
Hence preventive and corrective measures are essential to control pollution
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

22. Quantity Surveying Process of calculating quantities and costs of the various items required in connection with the work for its satisfactory completion. Valuation An art of assessing the present fair value of a property.
Applications
To arrange the finance for proposed work
To know the probable cost before the execution.
For valuation of existing property.
To know the cost of various item, well in advance to be constructed.
Cost = Original cost of Manufacturing / Construction
Value = Present Market Value
Price = Amount of money paid after purchase.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

23. Valuation Necessity Types of Value Buying and selling the property
Taxation, Insurance
Purchase for investment, loan security (Mortgage)
Compulsory acquisition
Rent fixation
Types of Value
Scrap Value = Value of dismantled material of property at the utility of const. cost
Salvage Value = Value of without dismantled material of property at the utility end
Market Value = The open market amt. of property at anytime
Book Value = The value mentioned in an account book at the time of purchase = original cost - Depreciation
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

24. Town Planning “The planning and control on the construction growth and development of town & other area” While town planning, conservation and utilization of natural resource, reduces the illegal construction. Town Planning is an integral aspect of Infrastructure development.
Important Aspects
It works under Development Control Rules (DC Rules)
It includes development plans, Identification of natural hazards and mitigation plans
Promoting development of town ship and SEZ (Special Economic Zone)
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

25. Earthquake Engineering
..deals with study of zones of seismic intensity upon different areas so that preventive care can be taken against Earthquake.
Earthquake shakes and moves the ground horizontally and vertically in any direction. Shifting the building foundation accordingly
Seismic forces exerts dynamic loading on building.
Where the earthquake have occurred once, can experience the same again in future.
The horizontal motions are much greater than the vertical wave motions.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

26. Earthquake Protection
Study and effective use of Earthquake Zonal Map
Use of raft foundation to withstand load evenly over a large area
Adopting a square or compact rectangular plan
All corners of building should be tied together
Parapets, Cornices, Cantilevers and projections should be < 750 mm
Parts of the building should be rigidly connected.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

27. Infrastructure Development
Infrastructure Development ..deals with provision of good facility, services and installations needed for Infrastructure Development of community or society, for the rapid growth of area.
Aspects
Provision of…
Road or Transportation facilities for accessibility
Well Planned water distribution system, Drainage system
Electricity, communication lines i.e., Telephone, Internet.
Proper Landscaping, Open Space for Garden and playground
Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation [MIDC] provides Infrastructure Facility. e.g., IT Park near Pune, NIGADI Pradhikaran Pune, New Vashi area Mumbai etc.
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

28. General Role of Civil Engineer Any Civil Engineer has to perform following work..
Study and Preperation of Layout
Presentation and Approval of Plan
Finding the foundation details and foundation Plan
Preperation of Structural Design
Estimation of total Project Cost
Testing, Planning, Supervision and Execution on actual Construction Site
Operation and Maintanance in big Projects
Acting as a Arbitrator in case of any disputes
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com

29. Interdisciplinary Approach in Engineering
Interdisciplinary = Pertaining to multiple field of study
Every engineering work is interdisciplinary, Civil engineer plays an Important role in Interdisciplinary Projects. e.g., Power Generation, Telecommunication, Expressway Construction, Mass Rapid Transit system.
Consider,
Expressway Construction
Civil Engineer – Surveying, alignment fixing, Design of C/S, Geotechnical Investigation, Testing, Estimation, Actual Construction
Mechanical Engineer - Construction Equipment Maintanance
Electrical Engineer – Exhaust System in Tunnel, Street Lighting, Tunnel Lighting or any Electrical Work.
Telecommunication Engineer – Designing layout of Underground Internet cable, Telephone Lines,
tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com