1. Pengantar Sistem Informasi
Organizing Data & Information
Pengantar Sistem Informasi
Marcello Singadji, S.Kom, M.T

2. Learning Objectives
Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the database approach to data management.
Name three database models and outline their basic features, advantages, and disadvantages.
Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify three popular end-user database management systems.
Identify and briefly discuss recent database applications.

3. The Hierarchy of Data

4. Date entries, attributes & keys
Entity: Generalized class of people, places, systems for which data is collected. (Ex. Employees, customers)
Attribute: Characteristic of an entity (Ex. First name, last name)
Key: A set of fields used to identify an entity
Primary Key: A key that uniquely identified the entity

5. Keys and Attributes

6. The Traditional Approach To Data Management
Create new files for each application
Data redundancy
Data integrity

7. The Database Approach to Data Management

8. Advantages of the Database Approach (1)
Improved strategic use of corporate date
Accurate information always available
Reduced data redundancy
Data is stored in one place
Improved data integrity
Changes are reflected throughout
Easier modification and update
No need to know where the data is
Data and program independence

9. Advantages of the Database Approach (2)
Better access to data and information
Simple instructions to access data
Standardization of data access
Each DBMS uses the same set of instructions
Standardization for programmers
Should only know how to access the DBMS
Better protection of data
Require authorization on the data
Shared data resources
Setup the database once
Several applications can use it

10. Disadvantages of the Database Approach
Costly
Specialized DBMS software
Specialized DBMS administrators and operators
Increased vulnerability
Single point of failure
Targets for attacks

11. Data Modeling Planned data redundancy Data model
To have it available in more than one place
To improve system performance
Data model
A diagram of entities and their relationships
Enterprise data modeling
Done at the level of enterprise
Entity-relationship diagrams
Use graphs to show how data is organized and how it is related

12. Entity-Relationship Diagram for a Customer Ordering Database
(one-to-many)
(one-to-one)
(many-to-one)

13. Database Models Hierarchical (tree) Network Relational
Data is organized top-down
Network
Owner-membership relationship
A member can have many owners
Relational
Uses tabular format with 2-dimensional tables (relations)
Relations resemble files

14. Hierarchical Database Model

15. Network Database Model

16. Relational Database Model
Project table
Department table
Manager table

17. Relational Models
Describe data using a standard tabular format with all data elements placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files.
Rows represent data entity
Columns represent attributes

18. Database Management Systems

19. Providing a User View Schema - a description of the entire database
First create a schema, then create the tables
Subschema - a file that contains a description of a subset of the database and identifies which users can modify the data items in that subset
A sales representative has to see the data for her office, not the company stock data

20. The Use of Schemas and Subschemas

21. Data Access
Concurrency control: Lock the record so that only one application can access it at a time
Data manipulation language (DML)
Structured Query Language (SQL)
SELECT * FROM Project
WHERE Project_number=“155”
UPDATE Project
SET Project_number=“156”

22. Structured Query Language

23. Database Output

24. Popular Database Management Systems
Oracle
MySQL
Paradox database
FileMaker Pro
Microsoft Access
Lotus Spreadsheet

25. Selecting a Database Management System (1)
Database size: Number of records in the database
Number of concurrent users: People or applications that will access it at the same time
Performance: How fast can the DBMS access or update records?
Integration: Which operating system can it run under?
Features: Which security procedures or privacy policies are in place?
Vendor: Size and reputation of the vendor
Cost: Initial cost, maintenance costs, hardware costs, personnel costs

26. Database Applications

27. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining
Data Warehouse - a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers.
Data Mart – a subset of a data warehouse.
For small and medium size businesses
Used mostly for decision support system
Data Mining - an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse.

28. Elements of a Data Warehouse

29. Common Data Mining Applications

30. Common Data Mining Applications
Branding and positioning of products
Customer churn
Which customers can switch to competitors?
Direct marketing
Who would respond to telemarketing?
Fraud detection
Predict transactions which are likely to be illegal

31. Common Data Mining Applications
Market-based analysis
Which products are bought at the same time (diaper, beer, chips)
Market segmentation
Group users based on similarity of products that they buy
Trend analysis
Analyze how variables change over time (e.g., sales)

32. Business Intelligence
Gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form.
Competitive intelligence
What others are doing
Counterintelligence
Define trade secret information
Knowledge management
Capture company’s collective expertise wherever it resides
Record knowledge and share it

33. Object-Relational Database Management System
Stores the following types of data as objects:
audio
images
unstructured
text
spatial data

34. Spatial Technology

35. Summary Data - one of the most valuable resources a firm possesses.
Entity - a generalized class of objects for which data is collected, stored, and maintained.
Attribute - a characteristic of an entity.
DBMS - a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs.
Data mining - the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse.

36. Terima kasih