1. Present Perfect Simple Vs PAST SIMPLE & PresenT PErfect CONTINUOUS

2. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FORM
I/YOU/WE/THEY
+ Subject + HAVE + Past Participle
? HAVE + Subject + Past Participle
- Subject + HAVEN’T + Past Participle
HE/SHE/IT
+ Subject + HAS + Past Participle
? HAS + Subject + Past Participle
- Subject + HASN’T + Past Participle

3. PRESENT PERFECT MEANING
The present perfect describes past events which are connected to the present.
Uses
Examples
Experiences in our life up to now
(We are talking about a whole life not individual events)
Have you visited any other countries?
Yes, I’ve been to Italy and France.
An event in the past that has a result in the present
(When it happened is not important. Our attention is on the present)
Helen has broken her pencil
I’ve hurt my foot.
A situation that started in the past and continues until the present.
I’ve lived here for ten years.
I’ve often seen Jim with his dog in the park.
When we described how many things are completed so far.
I’ve read a hundred pages of this book.

4. PRESENT PERFECT WITH ADVERBS
JUST for very recent events
We’ve just made a new Sim
YET for something we expect to happen. We use it in negatives and questions.
Haven’t you guessed yet?
ALREADY for something that has happened before now
I’ve already bought the latest Sims game.
SO FAR (or ‘up to now’) can be used in questions and positive sentences.
I’ve read 56 pages so far.
SINCE refers to a point in time
This game has sold several million copies since 2000
FOR refers to a period of time
I’ve had a console for about a year.
EVER and NEVER for ‘any time up to now’
Have you ever enjoyed putting out the rubbish? No, I’ve never enjoyed doing that!
FREQUENCY ADVERBS (always, never, often) can also be used with the present perfect
He has always loved you.
RECENTLY

5. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
BEEN or GONE?
If we HAVE BEEN to a place we went there and now have returned.
(Melissa has been to China and she has come back)
If we HAVE GONE to a place we went there but have not returned.
(Melissa has gone to China and she is still there)

6. PRESENT PERFECT vs past Simple
Present Perfect Simple
To talk about:
Something that happened at a particular time in the past. You always say when.
Karen took her driving test on Monday.
a situation that existed at a particular time in the past but is finished.
Frank lived in Melbourne until last year.
something that happened in the past and tells us something about the present. We don’t say when it happened.
Karen has passed her driving test. Now she can drive.
a situation that started in the past and continues now, or up to now.
Andy has lived in Melbourne all his life.

7. PRESENT PERFECT vs past Simple
Last year – two days ago – ever – already – in 1998 – yet - since last year – on Monday - When I met her – never – just – last Christmas
Past Simple
Present Perfect Simple
YESTERDAY
LAST YEAR
TWO DAYS AGO
IN 1998
ON MONDAY
WHEN I MET HER
LAST CHRISTMAS
FOR THREE WEEKS
EVER
ALREADY
SINCE LAST YEAR
YET
NEVER
JUST

8. PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT SIMPLE
Present Perfect Simple
We use the present simple to describe habits or states in the present.
I live in Prague (I always live there)
We use the present perfect to describe the time until the present.
I’ve lived in Prague for two years (I arrived two years ago and still live there)

9. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM
I/YOU/WE/THEY
+ Subject + HAVE + BEEN + -ing
? HAVE + Subject + BEEN + -ing
- Subject + HAVEN’T + BEEN + -ing
HE/SHE/IT
+ Subject + HAS + BEEN + -ing
? HAS + Subject + BEEN + -ing
- Subject + HASN’T + BEEN + -ing

10. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUoUS MEANING
The present perfect continuous also describes past events which are connected to the present but in the continuous form
Uses
Examples
There is a meaning of an action or situation in progress
What have you been doing lately?
The length of time of the action can be emphasized
I’ve been feeling ill for weeks.
The action can be temporary
I’ve been in a hotel for the past month.
Repeated actions can be described
I’ve been phoning her for days, but she’s never at home.
The action may be finished or continuing.
Carlos has been studying English for two years and now he’s stopped!
Carlos has been stuying English for two years. He’s going to do an exam next year.

11. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS WITH ADVERBS
All day
All morning
for days
for ages
lately
recently
since + fixed point in time
For + period

12. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUoUS Vs. PRESENT PERFECT SiMPLE
Often there is very little difference
I’ve worked her for two years.
(more emphasis on duration)
I’ve been working here for two years.
Attention on the finished result
I’ve written that to Jackie. I was meaning to do it for ages.
Attention on the action
I’ve been writing that to Jackie and it’s taken an hour! I’m exhausted!
When we say how many or how much we do not use the continuous
I’ve written for s.
I’ve done a lot of cooking and cleaning this afternoon.