1. What are participle clauses?
PHIL TRUST
What are participle clauses?
Identify the participle clauses:
Feeling sick, I decided to go home.
While I was waiting for John I checked my s.
Discovered in 1928 by Alexander Flemming, penicillin is effective against many bacteria.
The Mona Lisa, which was painted by da Vinci, currently resides in the Museo del Prado.
Having missed the train , I decided to have a coffee.
Why do we use participle clauses?
It allows us to give information in a more economical way.
It says a phrase in more stylish way which will look good in your CAE writing.

2. Present particples (active:)
Are formed using –ing, and is used to make a statement where the subject is omitted because it has the same subject as the main clause.
Present participle clauses give information about reason and time. For example:
Reason (in place of words like so or therefore):
Wanting to speak to him about the contract, I decided to arrange a meeting.
Compare: I wanted to speak to him about the contract so I decided to arrange a meeting.
Time (in place of words like when, while or as soon as):
Sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home.
Compare: While I was sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home.

3. Past Participles (passive)
The past participle, -ed ending, has a passive meaning.
Cause (because) Ignored by other children, the boy played by himself. (= because he was ignored…)
Description Located in West Sussex, Chichester is a small city with a lot of history. Compare: Chichester, which is located in West Sussex, is a small city with a lot of history.
Condition (alternative to a conditional sentence) Looked after carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters.
Compare: If you look after it carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters.

4. Perfect participles:
Having + ed (active) If we wish to emphasise that one action was before another then we can use a perfect participle (having + past participle):
Having won the lottery, Phil emigrated to Australia!
Having + been + past participle (passive) (by somebody)
Having been robbed in Pl. Catalunya, Phil had no mobile phone to call his friends with.