1. Civil rights Movement

2. Civil Rights Movement Taking on segregation in American society
De facto segregation – by practice or custom
De jure segregation – by law
Keys to the accomplishing freedom and equality
Courts
Non-violent protests
Massive
Youth are involved
The right language
The media gets involved

3. Jim Crow America

5. School Desegregation

7. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Addressed segregation in four states – KS, SC, VA, and DE
Thurgood Marshall (NAACP lawyer and future Supreme Court Justice) is the attorney
Ruling: “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Impact:
Southern Manifesto – 90 Southern members of Congress denounced Brown and called on the states to resist it “by all lawful means.”
10 years later most southern states had not fully integrated

9. Emmett Till (1955)

13. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)

14. Begins with Rosa Parks
Lasts over a year
Importance
Martin Luther King, Jr. is selected as the leader
Economic boycotts work
Non-violent protests work

16. Formation of SCLC
A group of 60 ministers who formed a group in 1957 to work for civil rights

17. Little Rock Nine (1957-58) Central High School: Little Rock, Arkansas
Governor is up for reelection and does not want to integrate
Uses the National Guard to deny the students entry
Eisenhower meets with Faubus and convinces him that it is in his best interest to let the students enroll
He provides a basic police force and it turns into a riot
Eisenhower federalizes the Arkansas National Guard and sends in the 101st Airborne
The next year Faubus closes the school system in Little Rock

22. The Greensboro Four (1960)

23. Formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

24. Sit-in Movement

25. Freedom Rides (1961)

28. The Freedom Rides magnified the necessity for federal support for Civil Rights Workers
This showed the nature of the state vs. federal authority issue present during the Civil Rights Movement

29. Birmingham (1963) Known as Bombingham; Project C (Confrontation)
Specifically targeted
“Letter From Birmingham City Jail”
Directed towards local white clergy
Tired of hearing the word “wait”
The white moderate is the key problem
Children’s March
1,000 children jailed

33. I Have a Dream Speech

34. The speech
Connection to America’s past
Constant referencing brotherhood of whites and blacks
Use of geography makes it a national issue
Religion, religion, religion

37. Freedom Summer Mississippi 1964
1000 northern whites come down to help register voters
Deaths of 3 workers
17,000 attempted to register, only 1,600 allowed to vote

38. Success:
41 Freedom Schools established for black children
Provided momentum for the Voting Rights Act of 1965
BUT: one of the last interracial movements of the '60's

39. Selma (1965)

42. Selma March
From Selma to Montgomery, Alabama (along the Jefferson Davis Highway)
5 days; 54 miles; from 300 to 25,000 marchers
Protected by 2,000 soldiers of the U.S. Army, 1,900 members of the Alabama National Guard under Federal command, and many FBI agents and Federal Marshals

44. Disenfranchisement http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/voting_sheriff.html
VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965

45. Malcolm X

46. Malcolm's perspective under the Nation of Islam
Malcolm's perspective after converting to Sunni Islam, his Mecca

47. Malcolm or Martin?
"I think if there's going to be a flowing of blood, it should be reciprocal.  Black people shouldn't be willing to bleed unless white people are willing to bleed.  And black people shouldn't be willing to be nonviolent unless white people are going to be nonviolent."
"Now let us say that we are not calling for violence.  We have overcome that.  The only weapon we have in our hands is the weapon of protest...In spite of our mistreatment, we must not become bitter and end up hating our white brothers."   

48. "Every time I hear Martin has a dream, I think Negro leaders have to come out of the clouds and wake up and stop dreaming and start facing reality."
"Violence is not going to solve our problem...I feel that Malcolm has done himself and our people a great disservice urging Negroes to arm themselves and prepare to engage in violence...it can reap nothing but grief."

49. "Our goal is to bring about the complete independence of people of African descent in the Western Hemisphere, and to bring about the freedom of these people....by any means necessary."
"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed...that all men are created equal...that one day.....sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood."

50. Black Power Movement

51. T
The man in the back´ground says “Beautiful, beautiful! (sniff)” at left and “My God! Anarchy!” at right. The “Free Huey” sign refers to Black Panthers co-founder Huey Newton, in prison in 1969 for killing a policeman, a charge that was later dropped.

52. Black Panthers

53. 1968 Olympics
Tommie Smith, Peter Norman, John Carlos
IOC’s reaction
U.S.’s reaction
Australia’s reaction

54. San Jose State Memorial

55. 1968 Riots