1. Lecture at the MEDICIS-PROMED Summer School
Radioactive Ion Beams
L. Penescu
Lecture at the MEDICIS-PROMED Summer School
4-11 June 2017, Fondazione CNAO

2. Summary Context: What – Why - How RIB production: full chain
RIB development
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

3. RIB: Radioactive Ion Beam!
Clarification
RIB: Radioactive Ion Beam!
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

4. What – Why - How What Why How STUDY properties USE decay products
Radioactive isotope
N, Z numbers
Half-life
Decay information
Nuclide chart
What
Daughters
“X”, “Y”,…
Nuclear reaction
Decay
Stable
“A”
Stable isotopes
“B”, “C”,…
Time limit
STUDY
properties
Use decay products = Detect or use their energy
Why
USE decay products
Preparation
Transport
How
Production
Use
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

5. Positron emission (+) NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION
Reactions and Decays
Reaction
a + Z+NX  Z’+N’Y + b
Notation
Z+NX (a, b) Z’+N’Y
Z+1 Z
FRAGMENTATION
Of beam OR of target
beam OR
target Z N
Main decay types +
Z-1
Z-2
SPALLATION
2 channels: spallation-evaporation and spallation-fission
Accompanied by neutrons (from thermal up to ~10MeV)
N-2
N-1 N
N+1
Main reaction types
target Z N +
 decay
: particle energies [MeV]; order: decreasing probability
 energies”[keV]; order: decreasing intensity
Positron emission (+)
+: Endpoint energies [keV] (cont.spectrum)
 energies”[keV]; order: decreasing intensity
FUSION-EVAPORATION
Low-energy beams (4-15MeV/A)
Relatively selective production
target+beam Z N
target +
- decay
-: Endpoint energies [keV] (cont.spectrum)
 energies”[keV]; order: decreasing intensity
NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION
Mostly used for U targets, with neutron converter
The fission products are neutron-rich
Accompanied by fast neutrons
target Z N
p decay +
n emission
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

6. Fundamental & Applied Sciences
The uses of RIBs
Imaging
Treatment
Research
Medicine
Radioactive Isotopes
RIBs
Nuclear physics
Atomic physics
Solid state physics
Materials science
Life sciences
Fundamental & Applied Sciences
Half-life
Industry
Flow tracing
Mixing measurements
Neutron imaging
Gamma sterilization
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

7. RIB production methods
MEDICIS target
On-line separation
(OFFLINE)
Chemical separation
and packaging
(OFF-SITE)
Use
Spallation
Fragmentation
Fission
Fragmentation
Fusion-evaporation
O.Tarasov
COMPARISON
ISOL
In-Flight
Projectile
light
heavy
Target
thick
thin
Release from target
slow
fast
RIB intensity
high
low
RIB quality
good
poor
RIB energy
M. Kowalska
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

8. ISOL – method overview Details in the following! L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

9. Targets ISOLDE target Target types: MEDICIS target Solid metals Oxides
Carbides
Molten materials
MEDICIS target
Beam scattered by primary target, so:
Volume increase (4x ISOLDE target)
Density increase
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

10. Targets Thermal analysis Al2O3 - SEM Nanometric CaO powder L. Penescu
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11. GOALS: fast, selective, (efficient)
Transfer lines
Target
Transfer line
Ion source
(example)
GOALS: fast, selective, (efficient)
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

12. Ion sources Ion source types 1+ 1+  N+
Surface ionization
Laser ionization (e.g. RILIS)
Electron beam impact ionization (e.g. VADIS)
RF heated plasma sources (e.g ECR, Helicon, COMIC)
EBIS (electron beam ion source)
ECR (electron cyclotron resonance)
GOALS: efficient, selective, (fast)
GOALS: efficient, (fast)
Example: Argon ionization cross sections (stepwise)
Plasma
Extracted
ion beam
Transfer line
Ion source
Extraction 1+
Ar 1+
Ar 18+
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

13. Example: ISOLDE facility
Transport techniques
RIB characterization
Selectivity
Accumulation
Preparation (energy, size)
Efficiency
GOALS:
Example: ISOLDE facility
Targets
Isobaric contamination
INPUT
OUTPUT
Yield specification
Purity specification
Delivery specification (time structure, energy, charge state, size)
1+ ions, low energy (60keV)/u)
Isobaric contaminants
Energy and angular spread
Transport techniques
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

14. Transport techniques Example: storage ring
for accumulation and cooling
Example: comparative release curves
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

15. ISOL – method overview L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051
Explain what is the use of this: ability to reliably (re)produce the performance. Production checklist. Everybody in the network works on a limited number of bricks, but their work becomes useful as part of the full chain.
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

16. In-Flight method overview
Example: FAIR facility
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

17. MEDICIS – method overview
MASS SEPARATOR
Isobaric selection
Products implanted on: metallic foils, polymeric supports with salt layers, or ice samples.
Target shuttle transfer
MEDICIS
target unit
CHEMICAL LAB
Chemical purification (cation-exchange chromatography)
Single-isotope batches sent to hospitals
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

18. Production of medical isotopes
If driver=cyclotron jump directly here
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

19. Individual phenomena:
Production of a RIB
PROCEDURES
HARDWARE
MODEL
Phenomena 1:
Value parameter 1-A
Value parameter 1-B …
Phenomena 2:
Value parameter 2-A
Value parameter 2-B
Preparation of:
Components
Systems
Verifications:
Parameters
Full performance
Individual phenomena:
Relevant parameters
Trend reproduction
System:
Reproduce nominal performance
Reproduce trends
Parameter match
Operational influences
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

20. DEVELOPMENT of a new RIB
Development CATEGORIES
LIMITATION analysis
Higher INTENSITY required?
FASTER production required?
Higher PURITY required?
Higher RELIABILITY required?
Apply technology from OTHER FACILITY?
NEW TECHNOLOGY required? 1 2
ISOTOPE already produced
ELEMENT already produced
ELEMENT not produced
Choice of BASELINE 3
QA of existing knowledge
Stability?
Reproducibility?
Knowledge of all parameters?
Modeling status?
CONSOLIDATION
activities
Comment for “knowledge of all parameters”: this is difficult especially if they have to be deduced from a superposition of several processes…
(example)
IMPLEMENTATION and TESTS
“Knowledge matrix”
Validation of PHENOMENA and PARAMETERS
Model BENCHMARKING for used range
Refine the ENGINEERING solutions
Manufacturing and control PROCESSES
Dedicated tests of EXISTING SYSTEMS
Tests of NEW COMPONENTS (separated)
INTEGRATION tests
Tests of COMPLETE LAYOUT (integrated): offline characterization, RIB production
new
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_

21. You are the experts! Discussion Discussion on specific examples
Missing parameters?
Observed limitations
Side results and possible applications
Follow-up interests
L. Penescu
KI001_IK_