1. Wood Smoke Pollution Reduction Strategies (WSPRS) FRAMEWORK Recommendations
Understanding & Reducing Residential Wood Combustion Emissions: December 1, 2016

2. Background
April 2015 meeting – 30+ Air Directors met and developed recommendations to guide
Workgroup formed in 2016 to discuss programs and identify best practices
EPA regional and federal offices
24 state and local agencies
3 MJOs

3. Fine particle pollution (PM2.5)
Nationally Residential Wood Smoke
Accounts for:
20% of total stationary and mobile
polycyclic organic matter emissions
50% of all area source air toxic cancer risks
Fine particle pollution (PM2.5)
6% (382,000 tons) of total PM2.5 direct emissions
Residential wood combustion emits 5 times more PM emissions than all of these combined:
US petroleum refineries
Cement manufactures
Pulp and paper plants

4. PM2.5 Emissions by Key Source Types in New York
Wood: heats 1.2% NY homes primary heat &~453,000 stoves
Natural gas: heats 51.7% NY homes (>3.6million)
Home heating oil: heats 33.1% of NY homes (>2.3 million)
Ellen
Residential Wood heating, despite being used by a small proportion of homes in NYS, has a disproportionate contribution to NY’s PM emissions inventory.
Note that total PM emissions from Residential Wood Combustion are larger than all other residential or commercial heating sources.
Residential wood combustion is even a larger source of PM than the electric generation, industrial, or mobile sources in NYS.

5. Framework
2015 NSPS creates opportunities to address the existing inventory and build markets for cleaner appliances
Inventory of high emitting devices needs to be reduced
Current programs are not sustained or coordinated
National program with sustained funding is needed
National program will only be effective if structured to incentivize the most effective strategies
Wood Smoke Pollution Reduction Strategies (WSPRS) framework could serve as a guide with the recognition that agencies will need to tailor programs to reflect air quality and energy mix

6. Guiding Parameters Focus on removing the highest emitting units.
Promote installation of the least polluting devices
encourage early adoption of cleanest and most efficient new technologies
Incorporate fuel neutral components
Ensure technologies get anticipated reductions
Provide flexibility to include a range of approaches
Require use of best practices
Require use of best test methods and give preferential treatment (e.g., higher cash incentives) to devices tested with methods that best replicate real world emissions
Use sliding scale incentives to encourage purchase of high efficiency, low emission appliances.
Ensure program supports participation of income qualified households
The agency sponsoring the program should be aware that they are committing to a resource intensive activity in terms of administrative support

7. Bounty Programs
Recognition that bounty programs are under utilized to reduce old inventory
Typical programs are round up that allow units to be dropped off or picked up
Programs could purchase from local sources
Craig’s list
Ebay
Types of Eligible units
Stoves
Central heaters
Prioritize removal of uncertified and exempt appliances, however, if funds allow, extend to any solid fueled appliance including coal units

8. Universe of Devices to Change-out
Replacing cordwood or pellet wood appliances with a new demonstrably cleaner cordwood or pellet appliance
Target removal of uncertified appliances
Target removal of exempt appliances
Replacing cordwood hydronic heaters or stoves with certified pellet- fired appliances
Any NSPS certified appliance that doesn’t meet Step 1 standards or has proof (via permanent label or bill or sale) that the appliance is more than 15 years old
Wood to non-wood change-out (non-wood appliance such as oil-, gas-, propane- fired heating system or air-sourced heat pump or ground-sourced heat pump)
Prioritize removal of uncertified and exempt wood appliances, however, if funds allow, extend to any solid fueled appliance including coal units.
Fireplaces
Prioritize removal of uncertified and exempt appliances, however, if funds allow, extend to any solid fueled appliance including coal units.

9. Change-outs: Key Components
For the unit changed out
Validated destruction of removed device
For the new technology
Technology
Installation
Operation

10. Destruction Permanently render inoperable Document destruction
drill holes into body of device
Document destruction
Photo
Recycler receipts
Affidavit

11. Change-out Technologies
Air/ground source heat pumps
Electric appliances
Gas appliances
Solar thermal
Wood
Pellet appliances with appropriate test methods
Cordwood appliances in limited instances with lower incentives

12. Installation NO DIY installation Certified installer Wood Stoves
NFI
State
Central Heating
NY certification program

13. Operation Operator education/training Fuel storage
Validate user training
Fuel storage
Pellets – outside storage
Cordwood – split, stacked and covered storage
Follow up service maintenance programs - service packs

14. Low Income Programs
Incentives increased to cover 90% to 100% of total project costs
Incentive for Tier 1 (highest efficiency, lowest emissions) units only
Follow federal program guidelines, such as DOE’s low income home energy assistance program, WIC, and Medicaid, for qualification in the program

15. Recommended Incentives Space Heating
Device type
Performance level
Incentive guidelines
Bounty program – resale illegal
Higher levels for drop off versus pick up
$350/$200
Bounty program* – resale legal
$500/$350
Ductless air source heat pumps
EnergyStar or local utilities efficiency/rebate guidelines
$2,000
Stove to renewable or liquid central heating
Nat Gas/Propane Stoves
-Canadian P4FE rating of >70%, direct vent, intermittent pilot
$1,500
Pellet stoves Tier 1
-Emissions <2.0 grams per hour
-Efficiency >75% based on stack loss method -need to specify acceptable test methods for program inclusion
$1,200
Pellet stoves/insert Tier 2
-Emissions <3.25 grams per hour
-Efficiency >70% based on stack loss method over all burn categories
$750
Cordwood stoves Tier 1
-Emissions <2.0 grams per hour using approved cordwood test – not currently available
-Efficiency >75% based on stack loss method
-service plan
Cordwood stoves Tier 2
-Emissions <3.25 grams per hour using approved cordwood test – not currently available
-Efficiency >70% based on stack loss method -service plan
$350

16. Recommended Incentives Fireplaces
Device type
Performance level
Incentive guidelines
Electric fireplace insert
$100
EPA Qualified Fireplace Retrofit
EPA Qualified
Nat Gas/Propane log set
Direct vent, intermittent pilot
Nat Gas/Propane insert
Canadian P4FE rating of >70%
Direct vent
Intermittent pilot
$600
Cordwood insert
Step 2 levels
Validation wood use >5 cords per yr
$300

17. Recommended Incentives Central Heating
Device type
Performance level
Incentive guidelines
Bounty*
Any solid fuel device
$1,500
Ground source heat pumps
Utility efficiency/rebate guidelines
$10,000
Ducted air source heat pump
$5,000
Nat Gas/Propane central heat
-AFUE >85%
$4,000
Wood central heating
-0.10 lb/MMBtu for automated units testing with EPA M28HH – requires that testing be conducted in all burn categories
-0.20 for units testing with EPA M28 PTS with results in burn categories 1 and 4
-delivered efficiency including jacket losses >80%
-Manual J sizing
$3,000 automated systems
manual
systems

18. Project Supported By

19. Stove Data Heating Technology Installed Costs Annual O&M Cost
NOx lb/mmBtu
CO lb/mmBtu
PM lb/mmBtu
Efficiency
Uncertified Wood Stove NA
$94
0.2
16.48
2.19
50%
NSPS Tier 1 Cordwood Stove
$4,031
$47
0.143
10.057
1.4
70%
NSPS Tier 2 Cordwood Stove
$4,231
0.170
1.443
0.050
75%
NSPS Step 1 Pellet Stove
$4,121
0.890
2.542
0.270
NSPS Step 2 Pellet Stove
0.136
1.390
0.058
Natural/Propane Gas Stove
$2,690 $0
80%
Heat Pump (Stove Replacement)
$4,500
Varies
Varies 
293%

20. Boiler Data Uncertified OWB $0 $500 0.064 104.000 13.500 28%
NOx lb/mmBtu
CO lb/mmBtu
PM lb/mmBtu
Efficiency
Uncertified OWB $0
$500
0.064
13.500
28%
NSPS Step 1 Cordwood OWB
$15,984
0.132
16.600
0.393
39%
NSPS Step 2 Cordwood OWB
$20,000
$299
0.171
3.750
0.163
56%
NSPS Step 2 Cordwood Boiler w/ TS
$24,000
$346
0.143
85%
NSPS Step 1 Wood pellet boiler
$22,000
$315
0.170
1.390
0.037
65%
NSPS Step 2 Wood pellet boiler
0.030
0.023
73%
NSPS Step 2 Wood pellet boiler w/TS
$362
0.021
Natural Gas Boiler
$8,000
$75
75%
Propane Boiler
Fuel Oil Boiler
$131
0.036
80%

21. Furnace Data Heating Technology Capital Annual O&M Cost NOx lb/mmBtu
CO lb/mmBtu
PM lb/mmBtu
Efficiency
Uncertified Wood Furnace $0
$150
0.064
8.486
1.472
28%
NSPS Step 1 Cordwood Furnace
$6,299
0.171
3.214
0.571
39%
NSPS Step 2 Cordwood Furnace
$6,599
0.404
0.071
56%
Natural Gas Furnace
$5,864
$75
0.092
0.039
0.002
75%
Propane Furnace
0.158
0.022
0.011
Fuel Oil Furnace
$5,677
0.145
0.036
0.003
69%