Getting the Most from Your Wheat Crop

Getting the Most from Your Wheat Crop
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Getting the Most from Your Wheat Crop Chad Lee Grain Crops Extension University of Kentucky Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

CBOT Prices as of December 14, 2007 14:40 CST Contract Price Wheat
Jul08 788’0 Jul09 745’0 Jul10 760’0 Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

25 70 to 100 60 to 70 35 Wheat: Key Numbers Crop Stage Number
Emergence 25 plants/sq.ft. Tillering 70 to 100 tillers/sq.ft. Heading 60 to 70 heads/sq.ft. 35 kernels/head Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Wheat Growth and Development
2/18/2018 Seeding Rates 30 to 35 seeds/ft2 (270 – 315 seeds/yd2) Targeting a stand of 25 plants/ft2 Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Linear Length of Row Needed to Equal 1 ft2
Seeding Rate Guide Drill Row Width Linear Length of Row Needed to Equal 1 ft2 Targeted Seed Rate 35 seeds/ft2 30 seeds/ft2 (inches) Seeds/Row Foot Needed 6 24.0 18 15 7 20.6 20 17 7.5 19.2 22 19 8 18.0 23 Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Seed Rates Seeds, Pounds, Bushels
35 Seeds/Square Foot Pounds/Acre Bu/Acre 10,000 152 2.5 11,000 139 2.3 12,000 127 2.1 13,000 117 2.0 14,000 109 1.8 Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Estimated Yield Potential
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Estimated Yield Potential % Stand Plants/ft2* % Yield Potential** 100 30-35 80 24-28 60 18-21 90-95 50 15-18 75-80 40 12-14 60-70 20 6-7 40-50 * Multiply by 9 for plants/yard2. **This is an estimate and other factors can alter these estimates. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Planting Dates Indiana: 1st ten days following Hessian fly-free date. Plant no later than 1 month after the fly-free date. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Earlier Plantings Greater risk of Hessian fly Higher fall disease incidence Take-all, wheat streak mosaic virus, blights Barley Yellow Dwarf (aphids) Potential for excessive fall growth More winter injury Greater risk of spring freeze damage Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Insect Management: Hessian Fly
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Insect Management: Hessian Fly Larvae are found between leaf sheath and stalk at base of plant. Scout once after first frost Scout from early spring until June. Thin, stunted, chlorotic patches in the field. No rescue treatment. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Transmitted by Aphids Scout and Spray Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Barley Yellow Dwarf Source: Don Hershman
Classic BYD symptoms. Upright flag leaves, tips and margins of leaves yellow with a tinge of purple Source: Don Hershman

Barley Yellow Dwarf Source: Don Hershman
Some varieties react to infection with a more purple coloration Source: Don Hershman

Early –Season Take-all
BYD is frequently confused with Take-all disease. This is especially true in plots. Source: Don Hershman

Take-all Source: Don Hershman
Look for characteristic shiny black lesions at the bases of most diseased tillers. Plants will pull up easy due to root rot. Source: Don Hershman

Scout and spray when temps is at least 48° F at the crop level
Aphid Scout and spray when temps is at least 48° F at the crop level not necessarily air temp Scout in the fall and in the spring Spraying after Feekes 4 is of little use Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Aphids: Spray Threshold
Crop Age Aphids per Foot of Row 0 to 30 days post emergence 3 30 to 60 days post emergence 6 More than 60 days post emergence 10 Source: Johnson and Townsend, ENTFACT-121 Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Aphids: Foliar Insecticide
Rate per Acre Lannate ¼ to ½ lb Malathion 8 1 to 1.25 pts Mustang Max 3.2 to 4.0 fl oz Penncap-M 2 to 3 pts Warrior 2.56 to 3.84 fl oz Source: Johnson and Townsend, ENTFACT-121 Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Approx. Injurious Temp., 2 hrs
Freeze Injury to Wheat Stage Feekes Stage Approx. Injurious Temp., 2 hrs (ºF) Yield Effect Tillering 1-5 12 Slight to Moderate Jointing 6-7 24 Moderate to Severe Boot 10 28 Heading 30 Severe Lee © 2005 University of Kentucky

Approx. Injurious Temp., 2 hrs
Freeze Injury to Wheat Stage Feekes Stage Approx. Injurious Temp., 2 hrs (ºF) Yield Effect Flowering 30 Severe Milk 11.1 28 Moderate to Severe Dough 11.2 Slight to Moderate Lee © 2005 University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Late Planting Crucial period for fall growth is diminished. Reduced tiller development. Reduced winter survivability. More prone to heaving (less root development) Stands are reduced. Delayed maturity. Reduced yield potential. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Planting Date: Illinois
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Planting Date: Illinois Days after Hessian Fly Free Date Yield Loss 0-10 none 10-20 1 bu per day 20-30 2 bu per day 30 60-70% of normal E. Nafziger, Univ. of Illinois. Agronomy Handbook. Ch.4: Small Grains. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Tiller Counts Feekes 3: Tillers formed. tillers/ft2 adequate. (tillers: three or more leaves) Critical for N Management Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Scouting Tiller Density Yardstick Method
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Scouting Tiller Density Yardstick Method Count all plants (or tillers) in 3-ft of a row… Tiller number = (no. tillers x 4) Row width in inches …equals tillers per square foot. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Linear Length of Row Needed to Equal 1 ft2
Scouting Stands Drill Row Width Linear Length of Row Needed to Equal 1 ft2 (inches) 6 24.0 7 20.6 7.5 19.2 8 18.0 Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Fall Nitrogen Requirement
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Fall Nitrogen Requirement 20 to 40 lbs N/acre Usually enough residual N from preceding corn or soybean crop. Important for late plantings and/or low stands (< 25 plants/ft2). Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Late-Winter Nitrogen Requirement
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Late-Winter Nitrogen Requirement Mid-February (Feekes 3) 30 to 50 lbs N/acre (conventional till) 40 to 60 lbs N/acre (no-till) Caution Excessive N can lead to increased lodging, disease, and damage from late spring freezes. Need to scout fields and apply appropriate rate. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Spring (Feekes 5): Remaining N
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Spring (Feekes 5): Remaining N Total late winter and spring applications: 60 to 100 lbs N/acre (conventional) 90 to 120 lbs N/acre (no-till). Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Single Spring N Application
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Single Spring N Application Low stand counts: apply in late Feb. Adequate stand counts: wait until Feekes 5 (leaf sheaths strongly erected) 60 to 90 lbs N/acre (conventional). 90 to 120 lbs N/acre (no-till). Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Wheat takes up 0.67 lbs of P2O5 for each bushel of grain.
Phosphorus Critical for root development, tillering, early heading, grain fill, early maturity, and resistance to winterkill. Wheat takes up 0.67 lbs of P2O5 for each bushel of grain. 80% of P2O5 taken up goes to grain. Apply in fall before planting. Lee © 2005 University of Kentucky

Wheat takes up 2 lbs K2O for each bushel produced.
Potassium Helps lower the incidence of some diseases and adds to straw strength, reducing lodging. Wheat takes up 2 lbs K2O for each bushel produced. 80% of K2O taken up goes to grain. Apply in fall before planting; can be applied in the spring if necessary. Lee © 2005 University of Kentucky

Finesse Grass and Broadleaf Prowl H2O (soil residual only)
Annual Ryegrass Osprey Axial Hoelon Finesse Grass and Broadleaf Prowl H2O (soil residual only) Finesse (soil residual, must use STS soybeans) Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

Probably the most critical period for yield.
Flowering, Seed Fill Probably the most critical period for yield. Cool, dry conditions…good yields. Warm, moist conditions…disease problems Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Head Counts Feekes 10.5: All heads out of sheath. 60 to 70 heads/ft2 are ideal. 35 kernels/head (16 to 18 spikelets/head). 55 heads/ft2: adequate yields. 90 to 100 heads/ft2: severe lodging. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 FHB (Head Scab) Probably single-most damaging factor to wheat yields in Kentucky in 2003 and 2004. No apparent differences between conventional and no-till wheat. Airborne spores likely “swamp” most fields, regardless of tillage history. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 FHB (Head scab) Symptoms visible during ripening process Warm, moist conditions during flowering favor development of FHB. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Head scab

Head scab 75% incidence!

FHB, Head Scab, Fungicides
Tilt allows for early flowering application Folicur (with a Section 18) better control (cheapest) Proline (the best control, but expensive) Still only 50% control from Don Hershman Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

FHB, Head Scab, Fungicides
No strobilurin fungicides (potential of increased DON) Headline, Quadris, Quilt, etc. from Don Hershman Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 FHB, Fungicides Effective for low levels of FHB, but not for high levels of FHB. Very difficult to overcome favorable weather timed with crop stage. Varying wheat varieties/planting dates may help avoid FHB in some fields. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Fungicides Material Powdery Mildew Leaf Rust Leaf/Glume Blotch Tilt ++* +++ Bayleton +(+++) -(+) Mancozeb** - ++ Benlate +(++) *() rating for highest labeled rate. **Mancozeb + Bayleton or Mancozeb + Benlate provide a greater spectrum of control than any by itself. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Weed Management Fall and Spring Applications Buctril Hoelon Harmony Extra Banvel 2,4-D Use only on tillered, established stands Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

2/18/2018 Insect Management Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aphids a,b Armyworm Fall Armywormb Cereal Leaf Beetle Hessian Flyb Figure 8-1. Small Grain Insect Scouting Calendar The red portions indicate periods of possible economic populations. a Early planting and warm fall weather increase potential for aphids and BYDV. b Wheat planted before October 15 is subject to attack by this insect. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Insect Management: Aphids
Wheat Growth and Development 2/18/2018 Insect Management: Aphids Scouting heads prior to Feekes 10.1 Scout entire plant, esp. near soil line prior to heading. Count aphids per plant in 1-ft row. Repeat two more times across the field. Chad Lee © 2007 University of Kentucky Chad Lee, University of Kentucky

Getting the Most from Your Wheat Crop

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Getting the Most from Your Wheat Crop"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Getting the Most from Your Wheat Crop

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Getting the Most from Your Wheat Crop"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback