1. SAT question
Lightning is an example of static electricity. In a thunder cloud, moisture causes the cloud to get heavier and move closer to Earth. As it does, the cloud rubs the atmosphere and removes electrons. The bottom of the cloud becomes negatively charged and the top becomes positively charged. The electrons on the earth are repelled by the negatively charged bottom of the cloud. A discharge can occur between the bottom of the cloud and the earth. This discharge is seen as lightning. Ben Franklin attempted to show that lightning was indeed electricity by running his infamous kite experiment. This was a brave, though perhaps not entirely wise, experiment, that is similar to A) Chuck Yeager's attempts to break the sound barrier B) Galileo's use of the telescope to hypothesize a differently ordered universe C) the class experiment where everything goes wrong, and a possible error occurs D) Darwin's observations of finches and his hypothesis regarding natural selection

2. Answer
A is correct: Chuck Yeager's attempts to break the sound barrier. This is the correct answer because both experiments were dangerous, but there was little other option to verify their hypothesis.

3. Vocab
What do these terms mean: ac ACL Add ADL AIIS At AAROM

4. 5 minutes to complete and turn in
Describe the common mechanism of injury for an acute ankle sprains. What structures are damaged? How can fx of the lower leg be ruled out? What exactly are shin splints and what measures can be taken to eliminate the problem?

5. Evaluation-The Knee

6. Anatomy Review-Bones Femur Tibia Patella Joints Tibiofemoral Joint
Patellofemoral Joint

7. Anatomy Review-Soft Tissue
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
Medial Meniscus – “C” shaped
Lateral Meniscus- “O” shaped

8. Anatomy Review-Muscles
Anterior Muscles-
Quadriceps Muscle Group-knee extension
Rectus femoris-and hip flexion
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Gracilis-knee flexion, internal tibial rotation, hip adduction
Popliteus-knee flexion
Sartorius-knee flexion, interal tibial rotation, hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation
IT Band

9. Anatomy Review-Muscles
Posterior Muscles-
Gastrocnemius-knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion
Hamstring Muscle Group-knee flexion, hip extension
Biceps femoris-external tibial rotation, hip external rotation
Semimembranosus-internal tibial rotation, hip internal rotation
Semitendinosus-internal tibial roation, hip internal rotation

10. History Location of Pain
Tears to MCL and LCL-p! normally directly over ligament
Tear to ACL-p! usually described as being “beneath kneecap” or “inside the knee”
Meniscus tear-p! along joint line
MOI
Direct blows in one plane usually result in isolated ligamentous injury (valgus/varus)
Rotational stresses usually result in injury to multiple ligaments and/or menisci
Weight-bearing-did patient have his/her foot planted
Sounds or sensations
Snap, crackle, pop-more commonly seen with fx or ligament injury
Clicking or snapping-more commonly seen with a meniscus injury
Knee “giving out”-typically seen with meniscal or ligamentous injury

11. Observation
Girth measurements-to determine amount of swelling or atrophy seen
Alignment
Patella
Femur and tibia
Patellar tendon and tibial tuberosity-check for swelling or enlargment
Edema
Discoloration
Deformity
Posterior sag of tibia
Biomechanical abnormalities-genu recurvatum (hyperextension), genu valgum (knock-kneed), genu varum (bow-legged)

12. Palpation Patella, patellar tendon, and tibial tuberosity Joint line
MCL and LCL
Femoral condyles
Tibial plateau
IT Band

13. Rom Testing AROM, PROM, and RROM should be assessed as necessary
Knee flexion and extension
Patella mobility should also be examined in eval

14. Ligamentous Testing ACL- Anterior Drawer Test Lachman’s Test PCL-
Posterior Drawer Test
Godfrey’s Test
MCL
Valgus Stress Test
LCL
Varus Stress Test

15. Special Tests Crossover Test-rotational knee instability
Lateral Pivot Shift Test- anterolateral knee instability
McMurray’s Test- meniscal tear
Apley’s Compression and Distraction Test-meniscal tear
Noble’s Compression Test- IT band friction syndrome
Ober’s Test- IT band tightness
Patella
Q angle measurement- greater than 13⁰ in men or 18⁰ in women
Apprehension test for sublux/dislocating patella

16. Critical Thinking
A lacrosse player carrying the ball attempts to avoid a defender by planting his right foot firmly on the ground and cutting hard to the left. His knee immediately gives way, and he hears a loud pop. He has intense pain immediately, but after a few minutes he feels as if he can get up and walk. What ligament has he most likely injured? What stability tests should be done to determine the extent of the injury to this ligament?

17. What are the various structures that give the knee stability
What are the various structures that give the knee stability? What movements do these various structures prevent?