1. Class Administrative Information & Course Orientation
Welcome!
Class Administrative Information
& Course Orientation

2. Administrative Geographic orientation Parking Latrines
Emergency rally point
Security & Badges
Student local contact information
Cadre contact information

3. Course Schedule
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Themes
Concepts/Warfighting Functions
Offense and Warfighting Functions
Defense
Capstone
Admin and Hybrid Threat Introduction
Reading and small group discussion
0900-
1000
ACE-TI Products
Warfighting functions- Continued (INFOWAR, ADA, Air)
Defensive Tactics
Real World Threat Examples (Russia’s attack into Georgia)
1000-
1050
Hybrid Threat Systems
Real World Threat Examples (Syria and the battle for Aleppo)
1100-
1155
Hybrid Threat Concepts (Strategic Environment, Threat Designs, Threat Actors)
Offensive Tactics
Functional Tactics Board Demonstration
1200
Lunch
1300-
1400
Hybrid Threat Concepts (Strategic Environment, Threat Designs, Threat Actors) – continued
Offensive Tactics Check on learning (group discussion)
Defensive Tactics Check on learning (group discussion)
Functional Tactics (Functional Analysis
Diagram Methodology)
Offense PE
Defensive PE
1600
Warfighting functions (Recon, Indirect Fire, Engineer, check on learning)
1730
Release
The course is broken up into four blocks. They are Hybrid Threat concepts, actors, tactics, and operations.
The concepts and actors portions are the building blocks needed to set the foundation for the meat of the course, actions and operations.
Key Take-away: Have patience. Day one and two provide conceptual information designed to provide a foundation of knowledge that will then be applied during days 3-5.

4. Class Introduction Name cards Who are you? Where are you from?
What are you hoping to learn from this course?

5. Threat Tactics Course This course is intended to help you…
Understand and describe the concepts and products relating to the OPFOR Hybrid Threat IAW approved doctrine.
Conceptualize the Hybrid Threat unconstrained by US doctrine.
Describe the functions and systems of OPFOR tactics using a structured analytical methodology, which then allows you to...
Analyze real-world threats through functional and systems-based thinking

6. “Don’t We Already Teach Tactics?”
Usually not until ILE, War College (some taught at MI schools)
Learning methods often use only historical example with discussion.
Little emphasis on functional tactics
We are taught Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, but our likely enemies are playing “Machiavelli – The Home Game”
- MAJ Jay Hunt

7. Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Become familiar with the TRADOC G2’s ACE Threats-Integration mission and its role in developing and describing the Hybrid Threat to meet military training requirements.
Condition: Provide a classroom environment to support training, professional education, and leader development with in-class discussion and Army Training Network (ATN) and/or All Partners Access Network (APAN) website access.
Standard: Understand the mission of ACE Threats-Integration and the basic nature of the Hybrid Threat in training.

8. TRADOC G2 OE Support http://tradoc.army.mil/g2/oetsc/
UNCLASSIFIED
TRADOC G2 OE Support
Exercise Design & Support Tools
Virtual OPFOR Academy
Information Operations Network
Land Navigation Trainer
UNCLASSIFIED

9. ACE TI Role in the TRADOC G2
Determine OE Requirements
Conduct OE Validation
Create OE Products & Processes
Conduct OE Training & Education
Exercise/Leader Development Support
Institutional and Operational Domain Support
Answer OE/OPFOR RFIs
As mentioned, ACE Threats - Integration is a member of the OEE. Specific tasks that ACE Threats - Integration accomplishes on behalf of the OEE are:
Exercise OE Support
Institutional OE Support
Create OE Products
Conduct OE Training
Conduct OE Validation
Determine OE Requirements
Answer OE RFIs
Key Take-away: ACE Threats - Integration is THE LEAD/SOURCE of OE and Threat related topics for training and leader development.

10. ACE Threats-Integration Purpose
ACE Threats-Integration, a member of the TRADOC G2 Operational Environment Enterprise (OEE) is the Army's lead to study, design, document, validate, and apply―
Hybrid Threat
Operational Environment (OE) conditions
that support all US Army and joint training and leader development programs.
This is ACE Threats - Integration’s purpose statement.
Key Take-aways:
ACE Threats - Integration is subordinate to TRADOC G2 and is a member of the OEE.
ACE Threats - Integration is THE Army’s LEAD agency for validating and applying the Hybrid Threat AND OE conditions for all Army training and leader development programs.
Keep in mind: Actions ― CONDITIONS ― Standard.

11. What it the “OPFOR?”
Composite training threats, based on real-world actors
Best practice equipment, organizations, tactics
Not country-specific
Customizable, tailorable to training needs
Combined Training Centers (CTC) represent composite operational environments, with selected threat actors
The Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE) is a fictional composite model of the real-world environment
Real conditions, fictitious region & countries
Environment to portray full range of potential threat capabilities
Mission Command Training Program (MCTP)
Ft. Leavenworth, KS
Joint Multinational Readiness Center (JMRC)
Hohenfels, Germany
National Training Center (NTC)
Ft. Irwin, CA
Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC)
Ft. Polk, KS

12. Define the Threat for Training
Opposing Force (OPFOR): The use of OPFOR in training events is intended to improve realistic training by enabling operations against a non-cooperative, free-thinking, and capability-based adversary or enemy. The OPFOR uses tactics, doctrine, and equipment representative of a composite of forces that could be encountered in expected OEs.
Army Regulation 350-2, Opposing Force (OPFOR) Program
When ?
SPF ? W
DRUG C ? I G
Armor
SPF
Insurgents
Aviation
Criminals
Reconnaissance
Infantry
(Mechanized)
Terrorists
Artillery
Guerrillas
Passive
Supporters
Infantry
(Motorized)
Active Supporters
Independent Actors

13. ACE Threats-Integration Tasks
ACE-TI has responsibilities outlined in these regulations: AR 350-2, AR , TR , TR
ACE-TI is a participant/stakeholder in these processes: ATSII, ATSIII, ALC, ALM, ATLDC, ACP, ITE, CTCQR
ACE-TI is a part of every Decisive Action exercise’s development (wherever conducted) and observes exercises for feedback.
ACE-TI provides Hybrid Threat Mobile Training and Threat Tactics Courses and manages an online OE Training Course.
ACE-TI visits every school and Center of Excellence.
ACE-TI provides, on request, OE and Hybrid Threat Mobile Training Teams.

14. Operational Environment Variables
Political
Describes the distribution of responsibility and power at all levels of governance – formally constituted authorities, as well as informal or covert political powers.
Military
Explores the military and paramilitary capabilities of all relevant actors (enemy, friendly, and neutral) in a given operational environment.
Economic
Encompasses individual and group behaviors related to producing, distributing, and consuming resources.
Social
Describes the cultural, religious, and ethnic makeup within an operational environment and the beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors of society members.
Informational
Describes the nature, scope, characteristics, and effects of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, dissemination, or act on information.
Infrastructure
Is composed of the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society.
Physical Environment
Includes the geography and manmade structures, as well as the climate and weather in the area or operations.
Time
Describes the timing and duration of activities, events, or conditions within an operational environment, as well as how the timing and duration are perceived by various actors in the operational environment.
These define the OE. They are encapsulated in the DATE for training purposes.

15. OE Variable Impact on Tactical Actions
Cold War Era
Could focus mostly on (USSR) military variable
Minimal impact of other variables
Hybrid Threats
Range of actors, motivations
Impacting other variables may be the actual objective
“Strategic Corporal”

16. The Hybrid Threat Hybrid Threats
Regulated by International Law, Military Tradition and Custom
(REGULAR)
Hybrid
CONVENTIONALLY ARMED AND ORGANIZED
UNIQUELY ARMED AND ORGANIZED
Criminal
So What makes up a hybrid threat? A combination of two or more different entities usually combined for a shared purpose.
-Regular forces belonging to a nation state that can organize conventionally or unconventionally
-Irregular forces who are not members of a regular armed force yet can organize conventionally or conventionally
-Other organizations with the OE motivated by personal gain (shadow political group, criminal element, private corporation)
-Unified in purpose. Forces can align either temporary or for longer periods to achieve mutually benefiting goals. Unified purpose does not necessarily imply formal agreements.
-Following historical examples of hybrid threats
Criminal
Threats
Unregulated by International Law, Military Tradition and Custom
(IRREGULAR)

17. Actors in OE Across entire Spectrum of conflict The Enemy Cause
Extremist
Sympathetic
(but not-supporting)
Actively
Supporting
Lawful & Unlawful
Enemy Combatants
Across entire Spectrum of conflict
The Enemy Cause
U.S. & Host Country Goals
Coerced
Participating
Purposefully &
Materially Supporting
Engaged in Hostilities
Possibly Co-optable/ persuadable
Radical
Fanatical
Cadre
Diehard
Combatants
Note:
These categories are very general and the boundaries vague. Individuals and/or organizations may be placed in several categories at any given time. The category(ies) they occupy are generally fluctuating and may be fleeting, mission dependent, event- or agenda-oriented, or for any other reasons, affiliations, alliances, motivations or opportunity.
Neutral
Regional, National, and International Players
Witting and Unwitting
Noncombatants
Locals
Ambiguous
Vacillating
Opportunistic
Impressionable
Disinterested
Armed and/or Unarmed
Criminals

18. Hybrid Threat
Hybrid Threat: The diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, and/or criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects.
Unified Land Operations, ADRP 3-0
The threat is adaptive, globally connected, and networked…
Embedded in local populations and possesses a wide range of old, adapted, and advanced technologies—possibly WMD.
Challenges US access—directly and indirectly—AOR and Homeland.
Attacks national and political resolve with sophisticated information campaigns—as well as seeks physical attacks.
TC is the lead publication in the Hybrid Threat series. It describes the hybrid threat and lays out all key HT concepts.

19. Hybrid Threats Are Not New!
1754–1763, French and Indian War, British and French forces among irregular Colonialists fighting for the British, and American Indians fighting for both sides.
1814, Peninsula War ends after conventional and irregular forces from Portugal, Spain, and Britain prevent Napoleon's control of the Iberian Pen.
Following examples are certainly not conclusive but illustrate the concept that the enemy will organize in a manner that he feels will give him the best chance at avoiding defeat.
1861–1865, vicious guerrilla warfare consumes Kansas and Missouri.
Militias with near equal conventional tactical formations and skills.

20. Hybrid Threats Are Not New!
1954–1976, Viet Cong and People’s Army of Vietnam combine irregular and regular forces in fighting the French and US. Viet Cong would organize into conventional and unconventional units.
2008, Russian and Ossetian mixed regular and irregular forces invade Georgia, with significant information warfare and illegal activities aiding the operation.

21. TTP – Words Matter Example Ambush IED-Initiated Ambush IED Emplacement
Tactics is the employment of units in combat.
Techniques are the general and detailed methods used to perform assigned missions and functions.
Procedures are standard and detailed courses of action that describe how to perform tasks.
Example
Ambush
IED-Initiated Ambush
IED Emplacement
FM 3-0, Ch 1

22. Questions?