1. Ch 19: The Industrial Revolution
Sections 3 and 4

2. I can explain what caused urbanization and what life was like in the new industrial cities

3. Social Impact of the Revolution
Urbanization: movement of people to cities
"coal vapor": black cloud which hung over factory towns like smog

4. tenements: multistory buildings divided into apartments
No running water
No sewage pipes
diseases: contaminated water supplies led to cholera outbreaks in densely populated areas

7. labor unions: workers organizations (most were illegal at the time) which met in secret;
purpose: initiate reforms (raise wages, improve conditions, etc.)
Luddites: early terrorist group - masked textile workers who destroyed machines & burned factories in nightly raids - widely supported by the public

8. I can compare and contrast the industrial working class and the new middle class

9. Class Struggles Middle Class Working Class “Bourgeoisie”
“nouveau riche”
varied backgrounds
merchant investors
inventors
Innovators
Owners of the means of production
Women stayed home to care for children
Working Class
“Proletariat”
Worked in the factories
Women had to work
Children also worked

10. I can understand how the factory system and mines changed the way people worked

11. Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution
Dangerous conditions for Children: 7 or 8 starting age (even 5), asked to change spools, crawl under operating machinery, crawling in smallest shafts
"factory acts": laws passed early 1800s: required child workday NOT EXCEED 12 hrs & children under 8 or 9 couldn’t work in the mills!?

12. Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution
Harsh Work Conditions:
long days hr shifts
6-7 day weeks
dangerous factory machinery
polluted factory/mine air
injury or illness grounds for dismissal

13. Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution
Worse conditions for Miners:
better $, worse conditions than factories
darkness, black lung
explosions, flooding, & cave-ins
crawl space sized tunnels & ladders in & out of shafts

16. I can analyze the benefits and challenges of industrialization.

17. Positive Effects of Industrial Rev
Demand for goods led to more factories
more jobs
Competition over labor combined w/ bargaining rights
better wages
travel costs decreased

18. Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution
Methodism: popular religion amongst the displaced working class
John Wesley: founder of the Methodist religion
Cornerstone of the religion is a
deep sense of personal faith rooted in self improvement through the acceptance of sober & moral ways

19. I can understand laissez-faire economics and the beliefs of those who supported it

20. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
Thomas Malthus:
British economist who study the population boom in Europe
'An Essay on the Principle of Population:’
A certain degree of poverty is unavoidable b/c the population is outpacing the earth’s capacity to sustain life
Population grows at a geometric rate (1, 2, 4, 16, 32, etc)
Food production increases at an arthritic rate (1, 2, 3, 4, etc)
"natural" methods of correction: war, disease, & famine keep the population in “check”

21. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
David Ricardo: British laissez-faire economist
"Iron Law of Wages”
theory that mankind does not improve his standard of living with an increase in earnings, but tends to have more offspring

22. I can describe the doctrine of utilitarianism

23. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
Jeremy Bentham: British philosopher & economist
Advocated utilitarianism
goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens
All laws & actions judged on basis of their “utility” or usefulness
Valued individual freedom

24. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
John Stuart Mill: British philosopher & economist
Like Bentham an advocate of individual freedom…BUT not at the expense of others!
Government should prevent business/factory owners from profiting at the expense or harm of others

25. I can summarize the theories of socialism

26. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
Socialism: ideology in which people as a whole control the ‘means of production’: farms, factories, railroads, etc. - in the end “all share” in the profits
Government owns means of production
Early Socialists were called …Utopians
Core belief: when people are equal you remove primary reason for jealousy & fighting

27. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
Robert Owen: British social reformer
Utopians: idealists who believed they could make society better
Est. textile mill in Lanark, Scotland as a ‘model village’: reduced hrs, built housing, started a school, opened a company store

28. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
Karl Marx: German philosopher who developed ‘scientific socialism’- code for communism
' Communist Manifesto': pamphlet written by Marx (& Engels) in 1848 which outlined an “inevitable class struggle” that would result in pure communism
Utopians = idealistic dreamers

29. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
Communism: a classless society where all ‘means of production’ are owned by the community
"Haves”: the bourgeoisie of industrialized Europe
“Have-nots”: the proletariat: working class
“Workers of the World - Unite!”

30. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
social democracy: political ideology where a gradual (peaceful) transition from democracy to socialism occurs
German movement: Marx’s ideas took hold in Germany during the 1860s

31. Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking
Russian movement: late 1800s Russians embraced Marxism eventually leading to Russian Revolution in 1917
Marxism loses appeal: Marx’s ideas have largely been proved flawed - people are more united over nationalism than class struggle
Nearly every national economy the world over includes elements of free-market capitalism