1. The World Between the Wars (1910–1939)
Lesson 7 The Soviet Union Under Stalin

2. The World Between the Wars (1910–1939)
Lesson 7 The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Learning Objectives
Explain how Stalin built a command economy in the Soviet Union.
Describe how Stalin used terror to build a totalitarian state.
Analyze Stalin’s use of propaganda to control thought and the arts.
Summarize the characteristics of Soviet society under Stalin.
Understand the goals of Soviet foreign policy.

3. The World Between the Wars (1910–1939)
Lesson 7 The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Key Terms
command economy,
collectives,
kulaks,
Gulag,
socialist realism.
Osip Mandelstam,
Boris Pasternak,
russification,
atheism,
Comintern.

4. Stalin allowed some capitalism in Russia.
Stalin Builds a Command Economy
By 1921, Lenin and the Communists had won the civil war that followed the Russian Revolution. They were then faced with the enormous task of rebuilding Russian society. Millions of Russians had died since the outbreak of World War I, from fighting and from famine, and Russia was in a state of chaos. Lenin's policy of 'war communism' outraged the people and brought the Russian economy to the brink of collapse.
Stalin allowed some capitalism in Russia.
Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state controlled by a powerful and complex bureaucracy
Stalin created a 5 year plan to industrialize, improving industry, transportation, and increasing farm output.
The Soviet Union developed a command economy, in which government officials made all basic economic decisions
 Large factories, hydroelectric power stations, and huge industrial complexes rose

5. across the Soviet Union, while oil, coal, and steel production grew.
Stalin Builds a Command Economy
across the Soviet Union, while oil, coal, and steel production grew.
 Overall, though, the standard of living remained low and production was low-quality.
Stalin also brought agriculture under government control, and set all prices and controlled access to farm supplies.
Although collectivization increased Stalin’s control of the peasantry, it did not improve farm output

6. Stalin Builds a Command Economy
Stalin Takes Charge
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans
Industrial Policy Yields Mixed Results
Forced Collectivization in Agriculture Causes Misery

7. Stalin Builds a Command Economy
Russians wait in line outside of a grocery store. Lenin's policy of 'war communism' during World War I limited people to basic needs.

8. Stalin Builds a Command Economy
Analyze Information Describe the effect of the Five-Year Plans on steel and corn production.

9. Control Through Terror
In addition to tactics like the Terror Famine, Stalin’s totalitarian state used secret police, torture, and violent purges to ensure obedience. Stalin tightened his grasp on every aspect of Soviet life, stamping out any signs of dissent even within the Communist elite.
 Stalin perpetrated crimes against humanity, carried out politically motivated mass murders, and systematically violated his people’s individual rights.
Critics were rounded up and sent to the Gulag, a system of brutal labor camps, where many died.
 Stalin and his secret police cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, army heroes, industrial managers, writers, and ordinary citizens. 
The purges destroyed the older generation of revolutionaries, replacing them with younger party members who were loyal to Stalin.

10. Control Through Terror
Among the victims of the purges were experts in industry, economics, and engineering, and many of the Soviet Union’s most talented writers and thinkers, along with the nation’s military leaders.

11. Control Through Terror
Terror as a Weapon
Stalin's Great Purge
Impact of the Great Purge

12. Control Through Terror
The Gulag was the system of Soviet forced-labor camps. It housed political prisoners as well as actual criminals and became a symbol of political repression in the Soviet Union.

13. Writers, artists, and composers also faced government persecution
Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
The use of terror and intimidation was one of the major characteristics of Stalin's totalitarian stage. Like other totalitrarian rulers, Stalin sought to control the hearts and minds of Soviet citizens. He tried to do this by tirelessly distributing propaganda, censoring opposing ideas, imposing Russian culture on minorities, and replacing religion with communist ideology.
Stalin tried to boost morale and faith in the communist system by making himself a godlike figure
The government controlled what books were published, what music was heard, and which works of art were displayed. 
Writers, artists, and composers also faced government persecution
 Stalin controlled the cultural life of the Soviet Union was by promoting a policy of russification, or imposing Russian culture on the diverse Soviet empire 

14. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Atheism, or the belief that there is no god, became the official Soviet state policy
 Many priests and other religious leaders were killed in the purges or sent to die in prison camps
Millions of Soviets continued to worship, in private and sometimes in public, in defiance of government prohibitions.

15. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Propaganda and the 'Cult of Personality'
Censoring the Arts
Russification of the Republics
Communists Wage War on Religion

16. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Stalin used propaganda to win the hearts and minds of Soviet citizens. This poster reads, 'Thanks to dear Stalin for a happy childhood.'

17. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Analyze Maps Stalin used terror and labor camps to control the huge, multinational Soviet Union. In which part of the Soviet Union was the heaviest concentration of Gulag labor camps?

18. Schools served many important goals
Soviet Society Under Stalin
The terror and cultural coercion of Stalin's rule made a mockery of the original theories and promises of communism. The lives of most Russians did change. But, while the changes had some benefits, they were often outweighed by continuous shortages and restricted freedoms.
 The Communists destroyed the old social order of landowning nobles at the top and peasants at the bottom where a few elite groups became the ruling class.
Schools served many important goals
In addition to important basic skills, schools also taught communist values, such as atheism, the glory of collective farming, and love of Stalin
The state provided free medical care, day care for children, inexpensive housing, and public recreation.
Under the Communists, women won equality

19. They gained access to education and a wide range of jobs.
Soviet Society Under Stalin
under the law.
They gained access to education and a wide range of jobs.

20. Soviet Society Under Stalin
The Soviet Elite Takes Control
Limited Benefits
Women Win Greater Equality

21. Soviet Society Under Stalin
The majority of citizens in the Soviet Union were peasants. Here, Soviet women on a collective farm using machinery to clean grain.

22. Soviet Foreign Policy
Between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued two very different goals in foreign policy. As communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to bring about the worldwide revolution that Marx had predicted. But as Soviets, they wanted to guarantee their nation’s security by winning the support of other countries. The result was a contradictory and generally unsuccessful foreign policy.
Lenin formed the Communist International, or Comintern to encourage worldwide revolution
The Comintern’s support of revolutionary groups outside the Soviet Union and its loud propaganda against capitalism made Western powers suspicious of the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union sought international recognition and trade with capitalist countries, so they joined the League of Nations.

23. Soviet Foreign Policy
In April 1939, Stalin suggested that Russia, France, and Britain form an alliance against Germany, but instead he signed an alliance with Germany.

24. Soviet Foreign Policy Promoting Communist Revolution
Seeking Recognition

25. Soviet Foreign Policy
Lenin founded the Comintern to inspire revolution around the world. Here, he is giving a speech to the delegates of the third congress of the Comintern in 1921.

26. Quiz: Stalin Builds a Command Economy
Stalin's 'five-year plans' were aimed at
A. raising the standard of living of the peasantry.
B. confiscating the land of wealthy factory owners.
C. building heavy industry and improving transportation.
D. allowing limited capitalism to help the economy grow.

27. Quiz: Control Through Terror
In what ways did Stalin's terror tactics harm the Soviet Union?
A. The country lost many intellectual and military leaders.
B. Industrial production slowed dramatically.
C. Lawlessness and violence plagued the entire nation.
D. Civil war threatened Stalin's government.

28. Quiz: Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Why did Communists target the Russian Orthodox Church?
A. because Church officials had become corrupt and abused their power
B. because Stalin was a Roman Catholic
C. because Stalin felt the Church promoted fascist beliefs
D. because people's loyalties lay with the Church rather than the state

29. Quiz: Soviet Society Under Stalin
Which of the following best describes the Communist party in the Soviet Union?
A. It was extremely popular with millions of members.
B. Everyone in the country was required to be a member.
C. Party members usually escaped Stalin's purges.
D. A few elite groups became the party's rulers.

30. Quiz: Soviet Foreign Policy
The goal of the Comintern was to
A. establish a state-run university to train elite members of the Communist Party.
B. encourage the ideals of the Communist Party and worldwide revolutions.
C. promote trade with capitalist countries and encourage foreign investment.
D. set domestic policy and control internal rebellion.