1. Chapter 22
The Civil War

2. I. Preparing for War Northern Strengths Northern Weaknesses
Large population
90% of nation’s manufacturing
Country’s iron, coal, copper, gold
Controlled the seas
21,000 miles of RR track
Northern Weaknesses
Military leadership
a) 1/3 of officers resigned and returned to South

4. I. Preparing for War Southern Strengths Southern Weaknesses Size
Defending own territory
Military leadership
Southern Weaknesses
Economy could not support long war
Control of Mississippi could split in 2
Lacked major RR
Wealth in land and slaves, not money

5. I. Preparing for War Lincoln vs. Davis Abraham Lincoln
Born in Kentucky
Poor family, little schooling
Lawyer before politics
Believed in the preservation of the Union
Jefferson Davis
Attended military Westpoint
Fought in Mexican War
Secretary of War under President Pierce
US Senator
Believe in state’s rights

6. II. Bull Run: A Great Awakening
Union’s War Strategy
Surround South by land and sea to cut off trade
Divide into sections so they could not help each other
Capture Richmond, VA (Confederate capital)
Rose Greenhow’s Dilemma
Southern supporter - learned of Northerners desire to attack Richmond
Battle of Bull Run
Greenhow succeeded in delivering information
Southern troops waiting at creek – Bull Run
Rebels (south) held until reinforcements arrived
Charged Union forces who fled

7. II. Bull Run: A Great Awakening
Women Support the War
Jobs
Ran farms and businesses
Worked in factories
Military
a) messengers, guides, scouts, smugglers, soldiers, spies
Volunteers
Dorothea Dix
1 – appointed director of Union army’s nursing service
2 – strict rules (over 30, plain appearance, strong)
Clara Barton
1 – followed Union armies into battle
2 – founder of Red Cross

8. III. Antietam: Bloody Affair
Union Blockade – Anaconda Plan
Union navy blocked Southern ships, shut ports
Confederacy asked Britain for helped
a) British refused
Dividing the Confederacy
Union forces gain control of Mississippi
Admiral Farragut led 46 ships north to New Orleans (which surrendered)
General Grant moved South along Mississippi
Attacking Richmond
General McClellan sent 100,000 men to capture Richmond
South succeeded in protecting again

9. III. Antietam: Bloody Affair
Battle of Antietam
Confederate General Lee sent troops into slave state Maryland in hopes of persuading them to join Confederacy
Lee’s forces pounded by McClellan’s near Antietam Creek
Lee pulled back to Virginia
2,100 Union soldiers killed, 10,300 wounded
2,770 Confederates killed, 11,000 wounded
“In one day, more Americans were killed than in the War of 1812, and the Mexican War combined. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day of the war”
New Realities of War
Improved weapons made killing at a distance easier (rifles, cannons)
No understanding of the causes of infection (high hospital death rate)
Unsanitary army camp conditions

10. IV. Gettysburg: Turning Point
Emancipation Proclamation
Declared slaves in all Confederate states to be free
South ignored document
Draft
Both sides ran out of volunteers
Southern Draft law said that all white men could be called for 3 years of military service
North passed similar law for men 20-45
a) Drafted man could avoid the army by paying a substitute to take his place

11. IV. Gettysburg: Turning Point
Battle of Gettysburg (3 days)
Union army of 90,000 led by General Meade occupied 4 miles on Cemetery Ridge
a) 17,500 wounded or killed
Confederate army of 75,000 were a mile west at Seminary Ridge
Spent 3 days looking for weak spots in Union line
Pickett’s charge – 15,000 men charged across to Union side only to be struck down
23,000 wounded or killed (1/3 of army)
South would play defensive role for rest of war

12. IV. Gettysburg: Turning Point
Opposition on the Union Home Front
Northern Democrats more interested in restoring peace than saving the Union or ending slavery (“Copperheads”)
Confederate Sympathizers
a) Habeas corpus suspended – people suspected of disloyalty were jailed without trial
Draft Riots
Northerners resented being forced to fight to end slavery
July 1863, NYC
Angry whites burned draft offices and battled police for 4 days
100 black New Yorkers died
Order restored by troops from Gettysburg

13. IV. Gettysburg: Turning Point
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
Men who had died in Gettysburg battle buried in new cemetery overlooking battlefield
Lincoln invited to dedicate new burial ground
War was testing whether a nation “conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men were created equal” could survive
The men on the battlefield “shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

14. V. Vicksburg: Besieged City
Technological Firsts
To use RR to move troops and supplies
Telegraphs used to communicate between armies
Recorded in photographs
Combat between armor-plated battleships
Warships
Merrimac
Taken by Confederates from abandoned navel yard in Virginia
Covered with iron plates and renamed Virginia
Monitor
a) Union ship with flat deck and 2 guns on revolving turret
March 1862 – ships exchanged gunfire for 4 hours. Neither was victorious.
Control of the Mississippi
Union controlled both ends of the Mississippi
South could not move men and material along river
North could not move men and material as long as South controlled Vicksburg

15. V. Vicksburg: Besieged City
Whoever controlled Vicksburg could control movement on the Mississippi
Union boats shelled city while armies bombarded from land for 6 weeks (May – July 1863)
Troops made it to city through trenches and tunnels
City people dug caves into hillside for protection. Ate horses, mules, cornbread, dried peas
Low on food and supplies, Confederacy surrendered and was divided.
Problems on the Confederate Home Front
1. Union armies destroyed crops and cut rail lines

16. VI. Fort Wagner: African Americans Join the War
Recruitment Opens
Congress opened recruitment up to blacks (1862)
186,000 enlisted in Union army
30,000 joined Union navy
Massachusetts 54th Regiment – led by Robert Gould Shaw
Paid less than white soldiers
Protested by not accepting any pay
Lincoln convinced Congress to grant black soldiers equal pay
African Americans at War
Troops had to cross 200 yards of sandy beach to reach Fort Wagner
54th regiment pulled back after losing ½ of men
Earned widespread respect
166 African American regiments fought 500 battles with little training, poor equipment and less pay

17. Massachusetts 54th Regiment

18. VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End
Northern Plan to End War
Grant to lead force against Lee & capture Richmond
Sherman to lead army into Georgia & take Atlanta
On to Richmond
Grant invaded Virginia with 100,000+ men
Lee’s army had 60,000
Lost 18,000 men in 2 days
Followed Lee to Cold Harbor and lost 7,000 men in 15 minutes
Grant’s losses equaled Lee’s troops – Grant replenished with fresh troops, Lee could not

19. VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End
War on the enemy’s will to fight and ability to support an army
Grant ordered Sheridan to wage total war on Shenandoah Valley in Virginia
Sherman had same orders for Atlanta – army set city ablaze
Reelection of Lincoln
Victory for South lie in Lincoln’s defeat
Sheridan’s destruction of Shenandoah and Sherman’s capture of Atlanta rescued Lincoln’s campaign

20. VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End
Sherman’s March Through Georgia
After burning Atlanta, headed to Savannah
Troops destroyed everything they found of value
Fields, food supplies burned
Houses robbed
Roads lined with dead animals the troops could not eat or carry
From Georgia, went north and destroyed opposition in the Carolinas

21. VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End
End at Appomattox
Grant’s forces battled Lee’s army for 9 months at Petersburg and then moved on to Richmond
Quickly surrounded Lee’s army (April 1, 1865)
Lee decided to go see Grant
Lee arrived at the Appomattox Courthouse to surrender his army to General Grant (April 9, 1865)
Confederate soldiers could go home if they promised to fight no longer
Could take their own horses and mules with them
Officers could keep their swords and weapons
Food was ordered to be sent to Lee’s men

22. VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End
Aftermath
Billions spent
Every family had lost a member
a) 620,000 Union & Confederate soldiers dead
South’s environmental destruction
a) 2/5 livestock destroyed
Technology of the Industrial Revolution
Railroads
Telegraphs
Armored ships
Issues unresolved
South’s old way of life?
State’s rights?
Status of African Americans?