1. Families and their influence on behaviour

2. Socialisation
Families perform the child’s primary socialisation before they venture into the world and secondary socialisation processes occur. Throughout childhood they remain the interface between the child and the world, framing them with their values and beliefs and fundamentally influencing the adult they will become.

3. What is socialisation?
What sort of behaviours would your family expect or see as important? Think of behaviour, attitudes and skills.
Mealtimes
Hygiene
Gender appropriate behaviour
Treatment of senior members
Religious observance
Work ethics
Attitude to education

4. Ecological systems perspective
Bronfrenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Perspective

5. Different family structures
List as many as you can…….
Think of these across time and cultures and how the structure may affect the socialisation process

6. Parenting Styles:health warning
This topic can affect us all!
Cause-and-effect links between specific actions of parents and later behaviour of children is very difficult to prove. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities. Conversely, children who share a home can grow up to have astonishingly different personalities to each other.

7. Parenting Styles
Psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observations, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting:
Disciplinary strategies
Warmth and nurturance
Communication styles
Expectations of maturity and control

8. Baumrind
Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby & Martin, 1983).

9. Authoritarian Parenting
Children expected to follow strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow them usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. If asked to explain, the parent might simply reply, "Because I said so." They have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents "are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation" (1991).

10. Authoritative Parenting
Authoritative parents establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this style is much more democratic. They are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet expectations, these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Baumrind suggests that these parents "monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperative" (1991).

11. Permissive Parenting
Permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. They rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents "are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behaviour, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation" (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent.

12. Uninvolved Parenting
An uninvolved parenting style is characterised by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. While these parents fulfil the child's basic needs, they are generally detached from their child's life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children.

13. Emotionality Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Uninvolved Control
Warm, responsive
Rejecting, unresponsive
Restrictive, demanding
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive, undemanding
Permissive
Uninvolved
Control

14. Links with children’s behaviour
Try to match the child with the parental style
Conflicted-irritable child
Energetic-friendly child
Neglected child
Impulsive aggressive child

15. Other issues affecting behaviour
Peers: pressure and showing off
Internal consistency of parents
The input of school
Extended family etc.etc.etc.
Task: DISCUSS these issues

16. BOBO DOLL Experiment