1. Protestant Reformation

2. Why did the Reformation occur?
Humanism and secularism
Printing press
Pope’s authority challenged
Refusal to pay taxes
Corrupt church practices

3. Catholicism- religion in W. Europe during Mid. Ages
Without a common government in Europe, the Catholic Pope became an important political leader
Medieval Christians’ everyday lives were harsh. Still, they could all follow the same path to salvation—everlasting life in heaven. Priests and other clergy administered the sacraments, or important religious ceremonies. These rites paved the way for achieving salvation. For example, through the sacrament of baptism, people became part of the Christian community. At the local level, the village church was a unifying force in the lives of most people. It served as a religious and social center. People worshiped together at the church. They also met with other villagers. Religious holidays, especially Christmas and Easter, were occasions for festive celebrations.
On manor- priests controlled peoples’ access to heaven by delivering the sacraments & absolving sins

4. Practices of Catholic Church
The church taught that Christians could gain more of God’s grace through a series of spiritual rituals called the Holy Sacraments
7 Sacraments
Baptism
Confession
Communion
Confirmation
Marriage
Ordination of Priests
Last Rites for the Dying
Basis of beliefs are the 7 Holy Sacraments:
Baptism, Communion, Confession, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites for the Dying
By participating in each sacrament, gain more of God’s grace

5. But, the church was also growing corrupt
Clergy members took vows of chastity to abstain from sex…but some church leaders fathered children
Priests were required to go through rigorous training in a monastery…but some church positions were sold to the highest bidder called simony
Sometimes, feudal lords would use their influence to have friends or children named as priests, called lay investiture
As a result, some clergy members were poorly educated

6. These practices went unquestioned during the Middle Ages
One of the most corrupt church practices was the selling of indulgences
Indulges began as a way for people to repent for their sins through good works
But rather than requiring good deeds, church leaders began selling indulgence certificates for money
These practices went unquestioned during the Middle Ages

7. By the Renaissance, Christian Humanists criticized church corruptions & wanted reform

8. In the 1300s, Reformers attacked corruptions like indulges, said that the Bible (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the vernacular (local language) not Latin

9. Title
Catholic leaders responded to these criticisms by reformers like executing Wycliffe & Hus
Text

10. In 1509, Christian humanist Erasmus published Praise of Folly which called for an end of corruptions

11. As a result of Gutenberg’s moveable-type printing press in 1453, Erasmus’ book spread in Europe & increased calls for church reform

12. The Protestant Reformation
By the early 1500s, Catholic Church was in turmoil over the controversy of corruption & its unwillingness to adopt reforms
In Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin Luther became involved in a serious dispute with the Catholic Church

13. Martin Luther Page 489 What idea did Luther have regarding salvation?
How did this idea lead to a break with the Church?

14. Martin Luther
During his studies of the Bible, Luther became convinced that salvation could not be achieved by good works & sacraments
Instead, Luther was inspired by St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: “A person can be made good by having faith in God’s mercy”

15. Martin Luther
Luther : salvation gained though having faith in God - Justification by Faith
Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church’s selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation

16. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote list of arguments against church practices - “Ninety-Five Theses”
He posted the Ninety-Five Theses on the church door in the town of Wittenberg & welcomed debate of his ideas

17. Northern Europeans were excited about his ideas
The “Ninety-Five Theses” spread quickly through Europe causing an incredible controversy
Northern Europeans were excited about his ideas
But the Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas

18. The Church demanded that Luther take back his teachings
In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of church & political leaders
The Church demanded that Luther take back his teachings
Luther refused, argued that the Bible was the only source of religious authority, & encouraged Christians to study the Bible for themselves
Several German Princes agreed with Luther and gave him sanctuary … His followers became known as Lutherans
At Diet of Worms, Luther was excommunicated from Catholic Church

19. Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church began the Protestant Reformation & inspired a series of new Christian denominations
Protestant Reformation
Protest Reform
During the Protestant Reformation, reformers protested church corruptions & practices in hopes of reforming Christianity

21. Angry peasants raided villages, burned monasteries, & killed priests.
Incited by Luther’s reforms, several German serfs revolted and demanded freedom.
Angry peasants raided villages, burned monasteries, & killed priests.
Luther was horrified and urged princes to end the rebellion violently
Prince’s army killed as many as 100,000 people
By 1529, several German princes accepted Luther’s ideas
- Known as Protestants
By 1529, several German princes had accepted Luther’s ideas while several others remained Catholic
Those who supported Luther became known as Protestants

22. English Reformation King Henry VIII In need of a male heir
Pope refused to annul marriage
Henry named himself head of Anglican church and divorced Catherine
Married 3 more times, wife #6 outlived him
King Henry VIII had a problem, he was a staunch Catholic, but was in need of a male heir
His wife, Catherine had only given him a daughter, and was past child bearing age
Henry feared if he died without a male heir, war would break out in England
He asked the pope for an annulment of his marriage but the pope refused since Catherine’s uncle was the Holy Roman Emperor
Henry named himself the head of the Anglican Church and divorced Catherine, marrying a peasant girl Anne Boleyn who gave him another daughter
Boleyn was soon beheaded for adultery and Henry would marry Jane Seymour who gave him a son Edward, but would soon die after childbirth
Henry would marry three more times, divorcing Anne of Cleves and executing Catherine Howard, his 6th wife Catherine Parr would outlive him

23. Consequences of English Reformation
Edward, Henry’s son was raised Protestant but would soon die after only 6 years on the throne
Mary, a devout Catholic would try to return England to Catholicism, killing several prominent Protestant citizens (bloody Mary)
Mary would die 8 years later leading Anne Boleyn’s daughter Elizabeth to the throne

24. Elizabeth I would rule England for the next 44 years, she was a skilled diplomat, eventually appeasing both Protestant & Catholic leaders by making the Anglican Church a combination of both religions
Elizabeth would also face a rebellion attempt from her cousin Mary Queen of Scots and later the Spanish Armada

25. John Calvin
John Calvin (French) published the Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536
In it, he outlines the idea of Pre-destination- the idea that God has already determined who will be saved and who won’t
Calvin believed governments should be a theocracy, controlled by religious leaders who could imprison or excommunicate sinners with impunity
John Knox would later continue Calvin’s ideology into what is known as the Presbyterian faith which would spread throughout Scotland, Switzerland, Holland and France

26. Women’s Roles in the Reformation
Marguerite of Navarre – protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs
Katherina von Bora – Luther’s wife
Had 6 children
Traditional wife
Luther said “God’s highest gift on earth is a pious, cheerful, God-fearing, home-keeping wife.”

27. Catholic Reformation
How did the Catholic Church respond to these new denominations breaking away?
AKA the counter-reformation was the Catholics attempt to reform it’s own church
Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits who founded schools converted people to Catholicism and stopped the spread of Protestantism

28. Council of Trent
Meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals where they agreed to the following:
- Church interpretation of the Bible was final
- Good works were needed for salvation
- Bible and Church interpretation were equal
- Indulgences would no longer be sold

29. Legacy of the Reformation
Protestant churches flourished
Roman Catholic Church became more unified due to Council of Trent
Both Catholics & Protestants promoted education
Monarchs and states gained power
Laid groundwork for Enlightenment

30. Next Class…. Review Quiz: Renaissance & Reformation
Organize Spiral, Pass back all papers