1. Anatomy and Physiology (AP)
Orientation of the Body

2. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology: Marieb Online Textbook

4. Word Dissection – Using the word roots, find the literal meaning and give an example, using a word found in the chapter
Ana
Chondro
Corona
Cyto
Epi
Gastr
Histo
Homeo
Hypo
lumbus
Meta
Ology
Org
Para
Parie
Pathy
Peri
Stasis
Tomy
Venter
viscus

5. Anatomy Study of structure and relationship among structures
Example: Where is the tibia? Where is the fibula in relation to the tibia?

6. Types of Anatomy
Gross
Regional
Systemic
Surface

7. Types of Anatomy Microscopic Histology cytology
Histology or the study of tissues or cytology the study of cells. Can not be seen by the naked eye.

8. Types of Anatomy Developmental Embryology – before birth
Pathological - structural changes caused by disease
Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout life span. Embryology show changes before birth. Pathological show structural changes caused by disease.

9. Physiology Study of function of body parts
Renal physiology studies kidney function and urine production - focuses a great deal on cellular level due to function depending on individual cells

10. 6 Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Chemical- atoms form molecules of H20, protiens, and essentials, cells –vary depending on function tissues – groups of similar cells organ 4 types epithelial, nervous, muscle and connective-organ- has at least two tissue types ex: heart system – more than one organ working together for the same function ex: digestive: liver and stomach

12. 8 Major life processes Metabolism Responsiveness/Irritability Movement
Digestion
Excretion
Growth
Reproduction
Maintaining Boundaries
Metabolism – all chemical rxns (respiration, anabolism, catabolism(break down)) movement – activities promoted by muscular, skeletal, vascular

13. Homeostasis
Body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits
Every organs system plays a role- dynamic state of equilibrium or balance

14. Interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms
Variable
Stimuli
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Receptor – monitors environment and responds to changes or stimuli –information from receptor to control center by afferent pathway – control center determines set point at which variable is to be maintained analyzes input and determines appropriate response effector – determines the output or response to stimulus via efferent pathway

15. Components defined: Stimulus– produces a change to variable
Receptor– detects the change.
Input– information travels along the (afferent) pathway to the control center.
Output– information sent from the control center travels down the (efferent) pathway to the effector.
Response– a response from the effector balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

16. Control Mechanisms – Test Essay Question
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Most are (-)body temp., regulated by nervous system like a thermostat. Prevent sudden severe changes in the body (+)enhances or exagerates original stimulus ex:blood clotting cascade effect

17. Negative Feedback
Regulatory mechanism in which a stimulus causes an opposite output in order to maintain homeostasis
Examples?

18. Positive Feeback
Regulatory mechanism in which a stimulus causes an enhanced or intensified the original stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis
Examples?

19. Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

20. Homework!!!
List the major organs and structures in each of the major organ systems. Give the major functions of each of the major organ systems.

21. Body Cavities Dorsal – holds nervous system organs Cranial Cavity
Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity
Dorsal cavity consists of the organs in the cranial and vertebral cavities located near the posterior surface of the body. It is further subdivided into a CRANIAL CAVITY and a VERTEBRAL CANAL. CRANIAL CAVITY is a bony cavity formed by the skull. It contains the brain. B. The VERTEBRAL CANAL is also called the SPINAL CANAL. It is a bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the backbone. It contains the spinal cord. Since the spinal cord emerges from the brain, the cranial and vertebral cavities are continuous with one another.

22. Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic Cavity – Pleural/Pericardial
Abdominopelvic cavity – Abdominal/Pelvic
Visceral Organs
Diaphragm
Ventral cavity consists of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavitiesis located in the anterior part of the body. The ventral body cavity walls are made of skin, connective tissue, bone, and muscles. The organs inside the ventral body cavity are called the VISCERA. The ventral body cavity is further subdivided into the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES by the DIAPHRAGM, a large, dome-shaped muscle used in breathing. The THORACIC CAVITY (see FIG. 1.7) is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. It is further subdivided into the two PLEURAL CAVITIES and the MEDIASTINUM. Each PLEURAL CAVITY contains one lung. The MEDIASTINUM is medial to the pleural cavities. The mediastinum is not a cavity. It is defined as a region or mass of tissue that extends from the breastbone (sternum) to the vertebral column. The mediastinum contains the PERICARDIAL CAVITY, which encloses the heart. The mediastinum also contains other thoracic organs & structures  (for example:  the thymus, aorta and esophagus) The ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY (FIGS. 1.6 & 1.8) is inferior to the thoracic cavity and the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into two portions, which are not separated by any physical partition. The superior portion is the ABDOMINAL CAVITY, which contains the stomach, small intestine, part of the large intestine, spleen, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. The inferior part is the PELVIC CAVITY, which contains the urinary bladder, the internal male and female reproductive organs, and the lower part of the large intestine.

23. Serous Membranes Parietal Visceral Serous Fluid Naming of membranes
Inflammation of membranes
The walls of the VENTRAL BODY CAVITY and the outer surfaces of the organs inside it are covered with an extremely thin tissue membrane called the SEROSA or SEROUS MEMBRANE. The serous membrane is an EPITHELIAL TISSUE MEMBRANE consisting of AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE covered by SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM. (See TABLE 3.1, page 60)
The serous membrane in the pleural (lung) cavity is called PLEURA. The serous membrane in the pericardial (heart) cavity is called PERICARDIUM. The serous membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity is called PERITONEUM.
The part of the serous membrane that lines the ventral body cavity walls is called the PARIETAL SEROSA. The parietal serosa is continuous with the VISCERAL SEROSA, which covers the organs (VISCERA) within the cavity.
The POTENTIAL SPACE between the parietal and visceral serosa contains a thin lubricating fluid, called SEROUS FLUID, which reduces friction between organs within the body cavity. Example:

24. Other body cavities Oral and Digestive Nasal Orbital Middle Ear
Synovial
Synovial cavity – joint cavity

25. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Iliac (R/L)
Lumber (R/L)
Hypochondriac (R/L)
1. The UMBILICAL REGION is deep to and surrounding the navel. 2. The EPIGASTRIC REGION is superior to the umbilical region. 3. The HYPOGASTRIC (pubic) REGION is inferior to the umbilical region. 4. The RIGHT and LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS are lateral to the epigastric region. 5. The RIGHT and LEFT LUMBAR REGIONS are lateral to the umbilical region. 6. The RIGHT and LEFT ILIAC (inguinal) REGIONS are lateral to the hypogastric region.

26. Quadrants
Right Upper
Left Upper
Right Lower
Left Lower

27. Papers to be collected before test
Worksheet page 7,8,11,71
Regions Coloring
Homeostasis video responses
Systems Coloring
Word roots with literal meaning and example.