1. The
Protestant
Reformation

2. Causes of the Reformation
100 Years War and Black Death
Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church
The Corruption within the Catholic Church

3. Catholicism in the 1400s Dissatisfaction Financing Basilica
Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly
Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots
Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation
Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality
People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened
Heavy taxation also caused discontent
Dissatisfaction
Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences
Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica
Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory
Financing Basilica
Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed
Sale of indulgences widely criticized
Government separate from the church
Working Off Sins

4. What was the Protestant Reformation?
Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

5. What was the Protestant Reformation?
In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions
The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

6. What was the Protestant Reformation?
CHRISTIANITY
PROTESTANT
CATHOLIC

7. Early Reformers Two men stepped forward to challenge the church
Englishman John Wycliffe believed church should give up earthly possessions
His views unpopular with church officials
Was removed from teaching position
John Wycliffe
From Bohemia, Jan Hus preached against immorality and worldliness of Catholic Church
Excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII; later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at stake
These influential theologians openly criticized church
Beginnings of discussions that eventually led to reform
Jan Hus

8. The Reformers
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Henry VIII

9. Martin Luther Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany
Father encouraged him to study law
A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

10. Martin Luther
He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven
He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort
In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

11. “The righteous shall by his faith.”
ROMANS 1:17
“The righteous shall by his faith.”
Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

12. Luther's 95 Theses
A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

13. Luther's 95 Theses
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany
Gained support from people and criticism from Church

14. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

15. The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.
This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

16. Reactions to Luther Church’s Response
1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church
1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V
German Diet
Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms
Refused to change opinions
Edict of Worms
Emperor handed down Edict of Worms
Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings
Luther’s ideas spread
Protestant
1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany
German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this
Term Protestant came from this

17. Luther on Trial The Diet of Worms
1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs
Luther burned the order and was excommunicated
Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

18. Pope Leo X (Medici)
He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

19. Luther prepares to burn Pope's orders

20. Luther's Dying Words
“I am fed up with the world, and it with me. I am like a ripe stool, and the world is like a gigantic anus, and so we’re about to let go of each other.”
-Luther

21. Acceptance of Reforms
Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas
Lutheranism was formed
Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms
The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

22. The Spread of Protestantism
Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others
Differing ideas on religious matters put forth.
As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe.
Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s
Many ideas viewed as radical
His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired
Ulrich Zwingli
Many supported Zwingli, others did not, including Luther
Luther accused Zwingli of tampering with word of God
Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics
Opposed by Luther
When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.

23. Martin Luther Rap
Click image for link to YouTube video.

24. John Calvin “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”
- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

25. John Calvin Anti-Catholic Influenced by Martin Luther
Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”
Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

26. Predestination Calvin believed in: Salvation through Predestination
At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

27. Calvin believed in: Foreknowledge
God knows everything that will happen in your life
Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

28. CALVINISM Started in Switzerland – Calvinists England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church

29. Christianity Protestant Catholic Lutheran Calvinism Puritan
Presbyterian
Puritan
Huguenots

30. Other Reformers John Knox Anabaptists
Spokesman for the Reformation in Scotland
Knox’s Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic Church
Laid groundwork for later Presbyterian denomination
Anabaptists
Different beliefs about baptism; insisted on rebaptizing adults
Crime punishable by death at that time
Anabaptist Church evolved into Hutterites, the Mennonites, and the Amish Mennonites

31. Protestantism Spreads to England
Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers.
Reformation began with the king in England
1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17
Devout Catholic
Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas
Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith”
By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
A King’s Protest
Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England
Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled
Pope would not agree to annulment
Annulment
Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment
Dilemma became “the king’s great matter”
Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn
Opposition

32. The Reformation Parliament
Henry Takes Over
Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope
Henry became head of Church of England
Church of England
Henry changed rituals of church very little
Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles
This built more public support for split from Catholic Church
Act of Supremacy
Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth
Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”

33. Henry’s Heirs
Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI
1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9
Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians
Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England
Mary I, returned England to authority of pope
Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”
Her death caused little grief
Half-sister Elizabeth became queen
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart
1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome
Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne
Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England
Elizabeth’s Reign

34. Reformation Europe (Late 16th Century)