1. DTT Booster Edexcel CORE Science C1
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DTT Booster
Edexcel CORE Science C1
THERAPY Topic 1 – Crude oil and fuels  
Commissioned by The PiXL Club Ltd. February 2016
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of The PiXL Club. It may not be copied, sold nor transferred to a third party or used by the school after membership ceases. Until such time it may be freely used within the member school.
All opinions and contributions are those of the authors. The contents of this resource are not connected with nor endorsed by any other company, organisation or institution.
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number

2. How to deliver the DTT Booster
Administer the short diagnosis test.
Mark the test (peer assess)
Work through the therapy slides completing the model questions and answers.
Complete the question slides for students to self assess.
Administer the final test (peer assess)

3. Conduction and convection
Crude oil and fuels  
Nearly all the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon only). Most of these are ALKANES. Alkanes have all single bonds and they are saturated.
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Crude Oil: A mixture of lots of different compounds. Formed from dead sea creatures over millions of years. We separate it into substances with similar boiling points. These are called fractions. This is done in a process called fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation
 Refinery Gas (fuel)
 Petrol (cars)
 Naphtha (industry)
 Kerosene (jet fuel)
 Diesel (engines)
 Residue (road surface)
Model Question:
In a fractionating column where do fractions with shorter carbon chains condense? Explain your answer.
Model Answer
Fractions with shorter carbon chains condense at the top.
Because, the shorter the chains the less energy is needed to break the bonds in the chains.
So they have a lower boiling point.
Distillation
Fractional
Fractions with low boiling points condense at the top.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
Longer chains mean…
Less ability to flow
Less flammable
Less volatile
Higher boiling point
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

4. CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
Crude oil and fuels  
Model Question:
Explain why cars have to have their emissions tested in a MOT.
Model Answer
Emissions from cars can contain pollutants that can harm living things and the environment.
These can cause acid rain and lead to global warming.So reducing these from cars with help to reduce the pollutants in the air.
Climate Change: Caused by carbon dioxide, water and methane in the air. Causing the average global temperature to increase leading to global warming and climate change.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
Combustion of hydrocarbons: When burnt in an adequate supply of air alkanes react to form carbon dioxide, e.g.
propane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water
When burnt in not enough oxygen carbon monoxide is formed
propane + oxygen  Carbon+ Carbon monoxide + water
Sulphur Dioxide gas is produced in vehicles and PowerStations when fuel containing sulfur is burned. The sulfur dioxide dissolves in rain and produces acid rain. The sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases in cars by catalytic converters and in PowerStations by reacting it with limestone.
Fossil fuels also produce a number of impurities when they are burnt, main pollutants are summarised below
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Particulates
Poisonous gas
It’s acidic
Causes acid rain
Causes engine corrosion
Poisonous gas can lead to death in confined spaces
Tiny solid particles
Contain carbon and un- burnt hydrocarbon
Carried in the air
Damage cells in our lungs

5. Crude oil and fuels - Questions What is crude oil?
What is a hydrocarbon?
What is an alkane?
4. What does saturated mean?
5. Complete the table.
Alkane
Number of Carbons
Number of Hydrogens
Formula
Structure 1 6
6. What is fractional distillation?

6. Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Crude oil and fuels - Questions
7. What is a boiling point?
8. Where do substances with high boiling points condense in the fractionating column?
9. Where do substances with low boiling points condense in the fractionating column?
10. How does the length of the carbon chain affect the following:
Boiling point
Viscosity (how it flows)
Flammability
11. Complete the following equation for the complete combustion of hydrocarbons:
12. What gas is produced when there is not enough oxygen for a fuel to burn?
13. Name 3 impurities produced when fossil fuels burn and state why they are harmful.
14. Describe the causes and effects of global warming.
Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

7. CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Crude oil and fuels - Answers
What is crude oil? A mixture of lots of different compounds. Formed from dead sea creatures over millions of years.
2. What is a hydrocarbon? A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only.
3. What is an alkane? Hydrocarbons with single C-C bonds.
4. What does saturated mean. That there are no spare bonds/ contains only single bonds
5. Complete the table.
Alkane
Number of Carbons
Number of Hydrogens
Formula
Structure
Methane 1 4
CH4
Ethane 2 6
C2H6
Propane 3 8
C3H8
6. What is fractional distillation? Heating crude oil to separate it into hydrocarbon/ fractions with different boiling points.

8. Crude oil and fuels - Answers
7. What is a boiling point? When a liquid turns into a gas
8. Where do substances with high boiling points condense in the fractionating column? Towards the bottom
9. Where do substances with low boiling points condense in the fractionating column? Towards the top
10. How does the length of the carbon chain affect the following: Boiling point Longer chain higher boiling point, shorter chain lower boiling point. Viscosity (how it flows) Longer chain more viscous, shorter chain less viscous. Flammability Longer chain higher less flammable, shorter chain more flammable.
11. Complete the following equation for the complete combustion of hydrocarbons:
12. What gas is produced when there is not enough oxygen for a fuel to burn? Carbon monoxide
13. Name 3 impurities produced when fossil fuels burn and state why they are harmful.
14. Describe the causes and effects of global warming. Global Warming: Caused by carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour in the air causing the average global temperature to increase.
Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Particulates
Poisonous gas
It’s acidic
Causes acid rain
Causes engine corrosion
Poisonous gas can lead to death in confined spaces
Tiny solid particles
Contain carbon and un burnt hydrocarbon, Carried in the air
Damage cells in our lungs

9. Final test DTT Booster
Students now complete the final test (peer assess).
Compare this to what they achieved in the diagnostic test.