1. Andy Lane, Costas Karageorghis & Greg Whyte
Using music to facilitate fatigue management during long-duration, high-intensity exercise
Andy Lane,
Costas Karageorghis
&
Greg Whyte

2. Background
Intense exercise is associated with increasing sensation of fatigue
A prolonged state of fatigue becomes dysfunctional for performance when coupled with unpleasant emotions such as anger, tension, and depression (Lane et al., 2005; Linderman et al., 2003)

3. Background
Athletes seek strategies to manage fatigue (Stevinson & Biddle, 1998)
Successful endurance athletes learn to manage intense fatigue through accepting it as a necessary consequence of performance (Lloyd, Pedlar, Lane, & Whyte, 2007)

4. Lane, Whyte et al., 2007

5. Feelings and thoughts that help performance
“I will work harder”
“I will use shorten strides”
Feelings
“excited, happy, lively”
(could be nervous)
Performing successfully

6. Feelings and thoughts that hinder performance
“This is exhausting, and pointless”
“If I go any slower, I will stop”
“I am letting down the team”
Feelings
“miserable, tired, anxious, angry”
Under-performing

7. Feelings and thoughts hindering performance
“miserable, tired, anxious, angry”
Thoughts
“I will work harder”
“I will use bigger gears”
Under-performing
Disengage with feelings and thoughts. Interpreting feeling differently

8. Music
The rhythmical qualities of music can be used as an analogue for skills needed to maintain endurance performance thereby distracting an athlete’s attention from sensations of fatigue (Karageorghis & Terry, 1997; Karageorghis et al., in press)

9. Applied Uses of Music
Lane (2008) used music as a strategy to condition certain psychological responses among professional boxers.
Athletes self-selected up-beat songs with considerable personal meaning when an increase in vigour and excitement was the goal.
When relaxation was the goal, boxer selected sedative music characterised by a slow tempo.

10. Purpose
Explore the use of music listening to maintain positive psychological states during long-duration and high-intensity exercise.

11. Case Study
Male participant with significant experience of competing in endurance sport; 5 marathons; 20+ triathlon/duathlon; 16 mile swim.
Participant competed in 18 endurance events from March until October 2008 including marathon (1), 30km (1) half-marathon (2), 10km (7), 5 mile (3), 5km (2), and duathlon (2)
Age group winner in 2 events; finish position in top 10% each time.

12. Methods
Music used as a strategy for desired pacing (Bishop, in press; Karageorghis et al., 1999; 2006)
Music self-selected and used within training and competition.
Emotion profiling conducted (see Lane, 2007)
Mood and training diaries reported over a 150 day period; reporting factors associated with emotional responses.
Mood and physiological responses to exercise assessed in performance tests and in races

13. Results and Discussion

14. Emotion profiling (see Lane, 2007)

15. Training

16. Music selection Matching the music to the goal
Song selected based on personal meaning and tempo (Karageorghis et al. 1999; Hewston et al., in press)
Music practised on treadmill to develop relationship with listening to music, desired heart rate and running speed.
Imagery used to strengthen music-emotion link and develop strategy if technology failed

17. Music selection for a 40 min race and warm-up
Song
Time
Group
Passiondale
08:27
Iron Maiden
Irish Blood, English Heart
02:37
Morrissey
Stan
06:44
Eminem
War Pigs
07:57
Black Sabbath
A New England
02:15
Billy Bragg
The Myth of Trust
02:54
Summertime
02:56
Billie Holiday
Heaven And Hell
06:54
Stay Clean
02:40
Motörhead
Overkill
05:13
Iron Horse /Born To Lose
05:23
Decontrol
02:36
Discharge
A Hell on Earth
01:52
Hear nothing, see nothing, say nothing
01:31
Warm up activities
Jogging
Intervals
Stretching

18. Music and long duration cycling
Selection of motivating music; well established music-exercise link
Music to sustain pace; moderate tempo; moderate personal meaning
Music to raise arousal levels; fast tempo; strong personal meaning

19. Emotional responses over time across races

20. Applied implications
Music was helpful for developing a pacing strategy.
Beliefs on likely emotional response and desired emotional response were facilitated using music.
The process of selecting songs for desired emotional states contributed to careful training and race preparation, which might explain the results.

21. Conclusions Music is associated with predictable emotional responses
Music can be inculcated into training to support obtaining desired psychological states
Experimental research is needed to determine directions to music-emotions relationships and effectiveness of music above, or in conjunctions other interventions