1. Powering the Future: Biofuels

2. Activity: Making biofuel molecules
Construct some simple molecules
Describe the molecules involved in photosynthesis and used as biofuels
Suggest the properties of the substances that the models represent

3. Facts and Figures
To help combat climate change the UK has a target to reduce carbon emissions by 80% by 2050.
30% of the UK renewable energy could come from biomass heat and electricity by 2020.
To meet the European Renewable Energy Directive, the UK is aiming for 10% of transport energy to be from renewable sources by 2020.
By 2020, 8% of our petrol and 5% of our diesel could come from crops grown in the UK.

4. You will need: 1 carbon 2 oxygens
Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is both a waste gas from burning fuels that is detrimental to the environment and also an essential gas for photosynthesis and the production of biofuels.

5. You will need: 1 oxygen 2 hydrogens
Water (H2O): is essential for photosynthesis and the production of biofuels.. Water covers approximately 70% of the worlds surface but only 2.5% is fresh water and most of that is frozen or found underground.

6. You will need: 1 carbon 4 hydrogens
Methane: Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion and the main constituent is methane. Biogas can be burnt to produce heat for cooking, warming homes and producing electricity. It can also be compressed and used as a transport fuel in specially converted vehicle engines.

7. You will need: 6 hydrogen atoms 2 carbon atoms 1 oxygen atom
Ethanol:. Bioethanol is produced from fermentation of carbohydrate feedstocks and the final product is just the same as the ethanol found in alcohol. Bioethanol is compatible with existing vehicle engines and can be mixed with fossil fuels. Up to 10% blends with petrol can be used without modifying vehicle engines.

8. You will need: 10 hydrogen atoms 4 carbon atoms 1 oxygen atom
Butanol:. Butanol is a superior transport fuel to ethanol due to its higher energy content and the ability to use it in existing pipelines, infrastructure and engines without it needing to be blended with fossil fuels. However, further research is required to increase the range of feedstocks that can be used as well as the yield and the tolerance of the microorganisms to biobutanol before it can be produced on an industrial scale.

9. You will need: 12 hydrogen atoms 6 carbon atoms 6 oxygen atoms
Glucose: Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar produced by plants through photosynthesis. Glucose is the main source of energy for cells and is one of the sugars used by yeast in fermentation to produce ethanol.

10. To make a model of cellulose join together three glucose molecules
Cellulose: Cellulose is a polysaccharide formed by plants from glucose molecules. It is the main structural component of cell walls in the form of lignocelluloses and research is being undertaken to enable it to be fermented to produce biofuels.

11. 6 multiple (flexible) bonds 50 single bonds.
You will need to work together as one large group to make a biodiesel (methyl linoleate) molecule.
You will need:
34 hydrogen atoms
19 carbon atoms
2 oxygen atoms
6 multiple (flexible) bonds
50 single bonds.
Biodiesel:. Biodiesel is produced from oils and fats mixed with methanol and a catalyst. Biodiesel can replace diesel or be further refined to produce synthetic kerosene suitable for use in aviation fuel.

12. Activity: Making biofuel molecules
Construct some simple molecules
Describe the molecules involved in photosynthesis and used as biofuels
Suggest the properties of the substances that the models represent

13. Contributors