1. Cell Chemistry

2. Life depends on Chemistry
What does this mean?????

3. The Nature of Matter
What is the basic unit of matter? Atoms! Elements are made of like atoms. Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine. Compound are held together by bonds.

4. What is in our body????

6. Reactants and Products
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Reactants and Products
A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances.
Chemical reaction
Physical reaction

7. Reactants - starting substances
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chemical Equations
Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.
Reactants - starting substances
Products - substances formed during the reaction

8. Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.

9. Balanced Equations 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Balanced Equations

10. Amazing chemical reactions

11. Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds so they involve changes of energy Some reactions release energy and others absorb energy. Reactions that involve release energy are often spontaneous Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

12. Remember matter and energy is conserved All living things require energy to carry out chemical reactions.

13. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Energy of Reactions
The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

14. This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.

15. This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

16. Enzymes are an example of a biological catalysts
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Enzymes are an example of a biological catalysts

17. The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.

18. The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex
Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity (rate)

19. Enzyme
* enzyme

20. 6-3 Objectives Describe the importance of water to living systems
Compare the properties of acids and bases and their role in living systems

21. 6.3 Water and Solutions Acids and Bases
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.3 Water and Solutions
Acids and Bases
Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water are called acids.
Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water are called bases.

22. The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.3 Water and Solutions
pH and Buffers
The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.
Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7.
Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7.

23. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.3 Water and Solutions
Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range.

25. The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Organic Chemistry
The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

27. large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules
large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

28. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Carbohydrates
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom (1:2:1)

29. Monomer or base unit for sugar are monosaccharides.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Monomer or base unit for sugar are monosaccharides.
Glucose
Fructose
galactose

30. Disaccharide- Two monosaccharides
Sucrose
lactose

31. Functions Quick ENERGY Energy STORAGE in PLANTS
Energy STORAGE in ANIMALS
Structural compounds for SUPPORT

32. Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrates
Cellulose
Chitin
glycogen

33. Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (Monomer)
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Lipids
Molecules made mostly of
carbon and hydrogen
(a lot of!)
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (Monomer)
Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

35. Functions of Lipids Long term energy storage Insulation Sex hormones
Essential component of cell membranes
steroids

36. Examples of lipids:
Waxes
Oils
Fats
Steroids

38. small compounds that are made of C, N, O, and sometimes S.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Proteins
A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids (monomer) Held together with peptide bonds
small compounds that are made of C, N, O, and sometimes S.
Only 20 amino acids in the world
Large proteins are called polypeptides

40. hemoglobin

41. Functions of Proteins Support Movement Transport Defense (immune sys)
Metabolic processes
Coordination and control

42. Examples: Hair Blood Collagen Enzymes Antibodies Muscles Meats
Also some veggies: soy beans, peanuts

44. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Nucleic acids
are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides (monomer), composed of N, O, H, P, and H atoms.

45. Examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
Function
Carry genetic information
ATP: Energy molecule