1. Quarterly Review

2. Warm-up 10/24
What strategies will you use to prepare for your Quarterly Tests?

3. Study Strategies Flash Cards Practice Tests Re-write Notes
Have a friend or parent Quiz you

4. Culture- The way of life of a group of people
Can you think of ways that your culture influences your life?

5. What is culture?

6. Elements of culture Language Shelter Clothing Economy Religion
Celebrations
Education
Values
Climate
Government/Laws
Recreation/Entertainment
Music/Dance

7. Watch This!
(People from Sudan move to the USA)
What challenges do you think the people from Sudan will have when coming to America for the first time?

8. What is History? History- The study of events from the past
Archaeologist – a person who studies human history using artifacts
Artifact- a human-made object

9. How do we keep track of history?
Timelines are a common way to keep track of history.
Humans started keeping track of time in Year 1.
Years before Year 1 are referred to as B.C.E (Before the Common Era)
Years after Year 1 are referred to as C.E.(Signaling the start of the Common Era). You may also hear this called A.D. (which stands for Anno Domini and means “the First Year”)

10. Think of B. C. E. years as negative numbers
Think of B.C.E. years as negative numbers. The further you get from Year 1, you go further back in time
C.E. years start at Year 1 and go all the way up until present day (Year 2014)

11. What is Economics?
Economics- production, distribution, and use of goods and services
The study of how people meet their needs

12. Market Economy
Decisions made by individuals (what to make, sell and buy) supply and demand
Based on trade and competition
Also called free markets or capitalism
Some government regulation (laws, taxes)
USA, Great Britain, Canada, France, and Japan have a market economy

13. Command Economy Central government alone makes decisions
Also known as communism
No incentive to work harder
Dictates lives of individual workers
Manages all elements of production
China, Cuba, Vietnam, and North Korea are the world’s major communist countries

14. Traditional Economy based on agriculture
Most families in a traditional economy only grow enough for themselves
Traditional economies are usually poor. The people concentrate on survival, not making money
Usually found in 3rd world countries
Bangladesh and Ivory Coast still have traditional economies

15. Supply and Demand
We use Supply and Demand to determine how much goods will cost
The more of something you have, the less valuable it becomes

16. Government
A government is a body that has the power to make and enforce laws within an organization or group.
Why do we need government?
(LA Riots – 1992)

17. Types of Government There are many forms of government: Democracy
Communism
Monarchy
Dictatorship

18. Democracy Rule by a government of elected officials
The people choose who they want to lead them
Example:
The United States

19. Democracy
2 Types:
Direct Democracy- Citizens participate directly in government.
Example: Ancient Greece
2) Representative Democracy- Citizens elect leaders to represent them
Example: USA

20. Communism
A system in which the government controls all social and economic systems
Everything is owned by “the people”
Basic freedoms are limited
Example:
China has been under Communist rule since 1949

21. Monarchy A government ruled by a King or Queen. Based on heredity
Example:
Saudi Arabia
King Al Saud has ruled Saudi Arabia since 2005

22. Monarchy
2 Types:
Absolute Monarchy- The ruler has all of the power and is not limited by laws.
2) Constitutional Monarchy- The ruler has power, but laws are in place to make sure the ruler does not abuse their power.

23. Dictatorship Ruled by one individual or a small group.
The people have limited freedoms
Citizens do not have a choice when electing leaders or making laws.
Example:
North Korea
Kim Jong-il ruled North Korea for over 50 years
And was referred to as the “Supreme Leader”

24. What is Geography?
Geography- the study of the earth, including climate, natural resources, landforms, and the division of land into continents and countries
“Geo” comes from Latin and means “the Earth”

25. Landforms- Features of the earth
Mountains
Rivers
Lakes
Oceans
Islands
Deserts
Peninsula
Archipelago
Canyon
Plains
Delta
Plateau

26. Climate- Weather conditions over a long period of time
Climate- Weather conditions over a long period of time. This includes temperature and rainfall.
Examples:
Desert
Rainforest
Tundra
Subtropical
Temperate Forest

27. 5 Themes Location- Where is it?
Absolute- A specific location. This can be coordinates on a map or an address
Relative- A location in relation to something else. Ex. 2 blocks, close to the railroad tracks

28. 5 Themes
Place- An area that is defined by everything in it. All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places.
All places are unique
What makes Piedmont unique from any other place?

29. 5 Themes
Region- A region is an area that is defined by certain similar characteristics.
North Carolina has 3 regions- Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal

30. 5 Themes
Movement- The way people, products, information and ideas move from one place to another

31. 5 Themes
Human-Environment Interaction- how people adapt to the environment and how they change it

32. 1) North America 9.5 million square miles 565 million people (7.5%)
Ranked #3 out of 7
565 million people (7.5%)
Ranked #4 out of 7
23 different countries

33. 2) South America 6.9 million square miles 375 million people (5%)
Ranked #4 out of 7
375 million people (5%)
Ranked #5 out of 7
12 different countries

34. 3) Africa 11.7 million square miles 1.1 billion people (15%)
Ranked #2 out of 7
1.1 billion people (15%)
54 different countries

35. 4) Europe 3.9 million square miles 745 million people (11%)
Ranked #6 out of 7
745 million people (11%)
Ranked #3 out of 7
50 different countries

36. 5) Asia 17.2 million square miles 4.3 billion people (60%)
Ranked #1 out of 7
4.3 billion people (60%)
49 different countries

37. 6) Australia 3.3 million square miles 36 million people 4 countries
Ranked #7 out of 7
36 million people
Ranked #6 out of 7 (1%)
4 countries

38. 7) Antarctica 5.4 million square miles No permanent population
Ranked #5 out of 7
98% is covered by ice
No permanent population
Ranked #7 out of 7
No countries

39. Oceans There are 4 major oceans in the world
Some sources might say there are 5 or 6
In this class, we will only deal with the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans

40. 8) Pacific Ocean This is the largest ocean in the world
It covers 1/3 of the earth’s surface
The Pacific Ocean is bigger than the land area of all of the continents combined!
The Pacific Ocean borders 4 continents!

41. 9) Atlantic Ocean The second largest ocean in the world
It covers 1/5 of the earth’s surface
The Atlantic Ocean is S-shaped and borders 4 continents.

42. 10) Indian Ocean The third largest ocean in the world.
It covers about 1/7 of the earth’s surface.
The Indian Ocean gets its name from the Indian subcontinent. It borders 3 continents.

43. Longitude
Lines that go north and south (up and down) on a map to specify an East or West point on the earth’s surface
0 – 180 (East or West)

44. Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian divides the earth into East and West

45. Prime Meridian
The degrees give you a measurement of how far to go from the Prime Meridian and in which direction (East or West)

46. Latitude
Lines that go east and west (left and right) on a map to and specifies an North or South point on the earth’s surface
0-90 (North or South)

47. Equator
The Equator divides the earth into North and South

48. Equator
The degrees give you a measurement of how far to go from the Equator and in which direction (North or South)

49. Absolute Location
Coordinates where LONGITUDE and LATITUDE intersect gives an exact location!
Example: 100 degrees East and 40 degrees North

50. Scale Scale is what is used to measure distances on maps
Usually, one inch will represent a certain number of miles on the map
On larger maps, one inch will represent hundreds of miles

51. Cardinal Directions North South East West Northeast Northwest
4 Intermediate Directions
Northeast
Northwest
Southeast
Southwest

52. Early Human Tools Hearth- A stone fireplace
Used for cooking and warmth

53. Early Human Tools Microlith- A small sharp blade made out of stone
Spears- A stick or pole with a sharp point at the end
Knives- A cutting tool with a sharp blade

54. Early Human Tools Fire- Used for cooking and warmth
Used to drive animals into a certain area for hunting

55. Early Human Tools Needles- Used to make clothing
Hooks- Used for hunting and fishing

56. Early Human Tools
Working in Groups- People could drive animals into a certain area for easier hunting
The more people working together, the bigger the animal that could be hunted

57. Archaeologist
a person who studies human history using artifacts and fossils

58. Artifact
a human-made object

59. Fossils
The remains of plants or animals. These can be bones or imprints found in layers of rock

60. Excavation
excavation is the process of finding archaeological remains. An excavation site or "dig" is a site being studied.

61. Early Humans
What have archaeologist learned about early human tool making?
Humans made basic tools of stone like flint. They grinded the edges with other rocks to make them sharp.
Flintstones!

62. Early Humans
Where did hominins settle? -Near food and water -Adapt to weather conditions and climate -Most scientists believe that hominins settled in East Africa because there was plentiful food (fruits and animals) -Migrated to Asia and Europe

63. Early Humans Originated in Africa Hominins = Walk upright
The first man-like creatures
4.5 million years ago

64. Early Humans
Homo Habilis
2.5 million years ago
Used stone tools

65. Early Humans
Homo Erectus
1.7 million years ago
Means “upright man”

66. Early Humans Homo Neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) 300,000 years ago
Used fire
Hunted small animals

67. Early Humans
Homo Sapiens
200,000 years ago
Large-brained

68. Early Humans
During the last Ice Age (100,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE), the water level in the oceans dropped
This revealed the Bering Land Bridge, connecting Asia to North America

69. Migration
When a large group of people or animals moves from one place to another
Humans originated in Africa and slowly migrated to different parts of the world over thousands of years

70. Nomadic People who move from place to place without a permanent home
Humans were nomadic until the Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE – 2,000 BCE)
This means humans moved from place to place for millions of years and migrated to different parts of the world

71. The Stone Age The Stone Age lasted almost 2 million years!
The Stone Age is divided into 3 different time periods:
Paleolithic (Paleo = Early)
Mesolithic (Meso = Middle)
Neolithic (Neo = New)

72. The Stone Age Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE)
The climate went through an Ice Age and began to warm up at the end
Hunter-gatherers that moved from place to place
They moved to follow their food sources and find places that weren’t too cold

73. The Stone Age Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE)
Little technology during this time. All tools were made out of stone (mostly flint)

74. The Stone Age Mesolithic Age (12,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE)
Climate continued to get warmer
The microlith was invented- A small triangular shaped blade of stone used in knives and spears
Other inventions: boats from hollowed logs, fishing nets and hooks

75. The Stone Age Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE to 2,000 BCE)
Agriculture: People learned how to plant and harvest crops
People began to live in cities and towns
The first governments were formed

76. The Neolithic Revolution
People began to settle in the “Fertile Crescent” between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
This is where the world’s first farmers began
Today, these countries are Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Turkey

77. The Neolithic Revolution
Most historians believe that women were the first farmers
They believe that the women noticed patterns in the growth of wild plants and learned how to cultivate plants
Cultivate- Using land for growing crops

78. The Neolithic Revolution
Domestication- Growing plants to eat or using animals for work and food
Humans began to domesticate dogs to help with hunting about 12,000 BCE
Farm animals were domesticated around 8,000 BCE (goats, sheep, cows, pigs)
The animals were used as a food source (meat and milk) and to do work in the fields (plowing)

79. The Neolithic Revolution
Because fewer people were needed in the fields for farming and hunting, they could specialize in other trades:
Making tools and weapons
Building houses
Making clothes
Merchants
Specialization led to innovation, and innovation led to improvement in people's lives

80. Human Civilizations
Civilization- A well-organized and developed society
Why do humans form civilizations?

81. 3 Things Each Civilization Must Have
Water Source
Food Source
Shelter

82. 7 Characteristics of a Civilization
As humans began to settle down and live in one place, civilizations developed
During the Neolithic Revolution, humans began to live in one place and were no longer nomads because they learned how to farm for their food
To be considered a civilization, there are seven characteristics that must be present:

83. Characteristics of a Civilization
Cities- Large populations of people with specialized labor. Not a small group of people

84. Characteristics of a Civilization
Job Specialization- People learn specific skills and become an expert in one area.

85. Characteristics of a Civilization
Government- With so many people living together, leadership must:
Make laws (establish order)
Handle large scale projects (build roads, etc.)
Establish defenses (armies)

86. Characteristics of a Civilization
Advanced Technology (Public Works)- All advances, inventions, and processes created to make life easier. For everyone's good. (ex. irrigation, walls to protect the city, road systems, government buildings, etc.)

87. Characteristics of a Civilization
Language (or writing system)- Formal, organized system. Used to keep track of their religion and beliefs. Used in government to keep track of their laws.

88. Characteristics of a Civilization
Social Classes - Hierarchy based on what you can do. Over time, individuals inherited class status from their families.

89. Characteristics of a Civilization
Religion- Organized system of beliefs. Religious leaders would conduct elaborate ceremonies to worship gods.
Religion tries to answer questions about life:
Where did we come from?
What happens when we die?
What is the meaning of life?