1. Copy into your colored Notes Foldable
Plant Diversity
Copy into your colored Notes Foldable

2. Plant Characteristics and Adaptions

3. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Multicellular eukaryotes
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Non-motile (fixed to one spot)
Cell walls made of cellulose
Responds to environment and grows through the use of hormones

4. Plants are classified based on whether or not they have
Vascular System (transport)
Seeds
Flowers (enclosed seeds)

5. Early Plants Came from the water
First plants evolved from multicellular green algae

6. Some Adaptations (solutions)-
Parts extending into both air and soil
Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant
Have a protective outer layer – cuticle (waxy) keeps from drying out
Specialized structures for reproduction (spores & seeds)

7. Plant Life Cycle

8. Plant Life Cycle- Alternation of Generations
diploid phase haploid phase
(produce sperm) (produce egg)

9. Bryophytes (Nonvascular plants)

10. Bryophytes-nonvascular
Most primitive plants
Found in moist, shady areas
NO vascular (transport) system
Small size due to no vascular tissue
No true roots, stems, or leaves
Needs water for reproduction.
Reproduces using spores, (a water-proof single cell that can grow into a new organism)
Most common example: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

11. Bryophytes
liverworts
Mosses
hornworts

12. Tracheophytes and Vascular Tissue

13. Tracheophytes -Vascular Plants-
Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant: xylem and phloem
Allowed plants to become tall.
Has specialized organs:
roots, stems, and leaves.
Divided into 2 groups:
seedless vs. seeds

14. Conducts water & nutrients throughout the plant.
Vascular tissue
Conducts water & nutrients throughout the plant.
Moves fluids through plant body even against gravity
Xylem: transports water and minerals from roots to every part of plant (zip up the xylem)
Phloem: transports nutrients & carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis (phloem= food)

15. Plant parts… Roots- absorb water & minerals
Leaves- photosynthetic organs that contain vascular tissue
Veins (vascular tissue)- xylem & phloem
Stems
Support structure
connects roots & leaves
carrying water

16. Ferns (Seedless Tracheophytes)

17. Ferns and relatives Seedless vascular plant
Have true roots, stems, and large leaves (fronds)
Examples: Ferns, Club Mosses, Horsetails
Reproduce using spores; still need water

18. Gymnosperms (Seeded Cone Tracheophytes)

19. Gymnosperms (Naked Seed)
Examples
Cycad (Sago palm)
Ginkgo
Conifer (pine)
Sago Palm
Ginkgo
Ginkgo

20. Gymnosperms (Naked Seed)
Adaptations –reproduce water free
Transfer of sperm by pollination
Protection of embryos in seeds
Cones and pollen
Seeds can remain dormant for years

21. Most common are Conifers Conifers have leaves called needles or scales
Sequoia
Gymnosperms
Most common are Conifers
Conifers have leaves called needles or scales
Reduce water loss and prevents freezing
Juniper
Pine

22. Conifer Reproduction
Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds.
Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind.
Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind.
Pollen
Seed Cone
Pollen Cone

23. Angiosperms (Seeded flowering tracheophytes)

24. Angiosperms- Enclosed seeds
Flowers are reproductive organs
Encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer
Fruit: pollinated ovaries
Diversity: Monocots and dicots
Woody and Herbacious stems
Trees vs. sunflowers
Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

25. fibrous roots taproot

26. Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to reduce competition with parent plant.
Winged fruit – gliding (maple fruit)
Floating fruit – floats (coconut)
Fleshy fruit - survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple)
Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to animal fur (cockleburs)
Maple seeds: Winged fruit
Burdock: Spiny fruit