1. Plants are organized into two groups: Non-vascular and Vascular
Classification of plants
I. Non-vascular plants
Ex mosses
II. Vascular plants
A. Seedless plants, like ferns, that reproduce by spores
B. Seed plants
1. Gymnosperms – cone-bearing
Ex: cedars, sequoias, redwoods, pines, and junipers
2. Angiosperms or Anthophyta– Flowering plants
roses, daisies, apples, and lemons,
wheat, rye, oats, and peanuts
Juniper

2. 1. Gymnosperms: The Conifers
Gymnosperms were the first seed plants to appear—millions of years before the first angiosperms. The cone is the reproductive organ. The seeds of gymnosperm are exposed on cones. In addition, gymnosperms depend on wind for pollination. Examples of gymnosperms are pines, firs, redwoods, junipers, and sequoia.

4. 2. Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants
Angiosperms are seed plants whose reproductive structures are flowers and fruits. They are the most diverse plant species. The color and scent of a flower may attract animals that will carry pollen from one plant to another over great distances.

5. Function of Flower Parts
Form and Function
Stamen Male part of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament,
makes pollen grains
Anther The pollen bearing portion of a stamen.
Filament The stalk of the stamen which bears the anther.
Sperm Male reproductive cell that has half the number of chromosomes
Pistil/Carpel Female part of the flower. Consisting of the stigma, style and ovary.
Stigma Often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen
grains.
Style The stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through
which the pollen tube grows.
Egg Female reproductive cell found in the ovule of the ovary and will
become the seed
Fruit The sweet and fleshy part of a tree or plant that contains seeds and
can be eaten as food (helps disperse seeds far from original plant).

6. Function of Flower Parts
Form and Function
Seeds Becomes the new plant
Ovary Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The
ovary matures to become a fruit.
Petal Located in and above the sepals, often large and colorful,
sometimes scented, sometimes producing nectar. Often serve to attract pollinators to the plant.
Sepal Leaf-like structures at flower base, protects young flower bud.
Cone Produces the seeds in a gymnosperm (cone bearing plant)
Pollen Grains (Immature male reproductive cell) containing the sperm
with a protective outer covering.
Ovule Located in the ovaries. Carries female gametes. Ovules become
seeds on fertilization.

7. How do Angiosperms Reproduce?
By pollination
Cross pollination
Wind blows pollen to another plant
Animal takes pollen to another plant
Self Pollination

8. Gizmo Anther produces pollen (sperm) Ovary has ovule (egg)
Parts you need to Know
Male parts
Female parts
Anther produces pollen (sperm)
Ovary has ovule (egg)
Sperm meets Egg  Seeds
Ovary becomes the Fruit
Gizmo

9. Fruits
Fruit protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal. Different adaptations of fruit help disperse seeds. Maples have wings that enable the fruit to be dispersed great distances by the wind. Some plants have burrs on their fruits that cling to an animal’s fur or a person’s clothing. Many plants have fruit that are brightly colored and very sweet. Animal eats and digests the fleshy part of the fruit while the tough seed passes through the animal’s digestive tract and is deposited with its feces as a package of fertilizer.

10. Fruits
Seed dispersal

12. More pollinators
Long tongue fly

13. Sperm (pollen) meets Egg (ovule)

14. Vascular Cambium is meristem (cells that divide) that makes the Xylem (water transport) and Phloem (sugar transport) of the plant

15. Review Tracheophytes Phylum or group Common Names Fluid Transport
Sperm Transport
Dispersal Unit
Bryophytes
(first on land)
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
nonvascular
Flagellated sperm
(need water to swim)
spores
Tracheophytes
SEEDLESS PLANTS
Pterophyta
Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
vascular
SEED PLANTS
Gymniosperm or
Coniferophyta
Conifers (cones)
Wind-dispersed pollen
seeds
Angiosperm or
Anthophyta
Flowering plants
Wind or animal dispersed pollen

17. Plants: A Review