1. Classification Systems

2. Shape Activity Wait for discussion First, Cut out the Shapes
Arrange shapes into groups
You must have at least 4 groups
Give each group a name
Give each shape within the group a name
Glue the groups on to the paper in their own section
Wait for discussion

4. Why Classify?
Name organisms
Group them in a logical manner

5. Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms and assigning each one a universally accepted name
Scientific Naming
Binomial Nomenclature
Name consists of the Genus and species
Why a Scientific Name….

6. Common Name Different Animal
American Opossum
Australian Possum

7. Same Animal different common name
Depending on the region
called striped mullet, black mullet, flathead grey mullet

8. Acer rubrum (italicized or underlined)
Scientific Name (Binomial Nomenclature) Example: Red Maple (this is the common name)
Acer rubrum (italicized or underlined)
Acer, is the genus (the latin word for maple)
rubrum is the species (rubrum is the latin word for red)
Why is it important to have a scientific name and not just a common name?

9. Biological Classification
Linnaeus developed this system and placed living things into levels of classification.
Based his system on specific traits
Includes more groups than older systems
Each level is called a taxon (taxa)

10. Linnaeus’ Classification System
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

11. Use a mnemonic to help you
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

12. Kingdom
The largest group
Contains several phyla

13. Example: Kingdom Animalia consumers, multicellular,eukaryotes
(a) A sea star

14. Phylum Includes several classes
Includes a large number of different organisms.
The organisms share some important basic characteristics

15. Example: Phylum Chordata
Includes mammals, birds, fishes, amphibians and reptiles
What do these animals have in common?

16. Class A group of closely related orders
Example: Mammalia (covered with fur, warm-blooded, nurse their young)

17. Order Several families of similar organisms
Example: Carnivora, includes cats, dogs, , etc.
Carnivores are meat-eaters

18. Family Larger than a genus Contains several related genera
Example: Lions, tigers, cheetahs (all catlike animals belong in the family Felidae)

19. Genus Species that share common characteristics
Example: Felis (contains the common house cat as well as the cougar and puma. (Small cats.)
Have similar teeth, feet, and claws

20. Species
Population of organisms that share similar characteristics and that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring
Example: catus (a tame cat)

21. Kingdom
When first introduced all phyla belonged to either the Kingdom Animalia or Plantae
The scientific view of life was not as complex in Linnaeus’s time

22. Early Classification Traits used to separate Animals from Plants
Animals were mobile, used food for energy
Plants were green and photosynthetic

23. Two Kingdoms were not enough to logically include all organisms

24. The Six-Kingdom System
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Yeast, mushrooms and molds
Protista
Many microorganisms
Bacteria
Archae

25. The Three-Domain System
The Domain is larger than a Kingdom
Scientists have used molecular analyses to group organisms into domains
Note: This was not part of Linnaeus’ System

26. The Three Domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eukaryota

27. Domain - Bacteria Kingdom Bacteria ( common bacteria)
Characteristics
Prokaryote (no nucleus)
Composition of cell wall different from archaebacteria
Unicellular
Autotroph, heterotroph or chemotrophic (energy from chemicals)
HONORS
Contain peptidoglycan in cell wall
Peptidoglycan is a sugar polymer. These bacteria are less complex and easier to treat.

28. Escherichia coli
Streptococcus

29. Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaea ( Archa – means “initial”, also known as extreme bacteria)
Characteristics
Prokaryote
More complex cell wall composition
Unicellular
Autotroph, heterotroph or chemotrophic (energy from chemicals)

30. Halophile’s (salt loving bacteria) in the Sierra Navada (aerial view)
Halophile bacteria in Lake Natron, Tanzania
Thermophiles – heat loving. Live near volcanoes. Mt.St Helens

31. Methanogens – live with no oxygen –
make methane gas (natural gas or swamp gas)

32. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista
Characteristics
Eukaryote (contain a nucleus)
Most unicellular (some multicellular)
Autotroph or heterotroph

33. Examples of Protists euglena Amoeba Paramecium
Figure 28.19
Giant Kelp and sea weeds
Sporozoites – parasite causes malaria
Slime mold

34. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi
Characteristics
Eukaryote
Cell walls made of chitin
Material that makes up exoskeleton of insects and arthropods.
Most multicellular (some unicellular)
Heterotroph

35. Examples of Fungi Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
Athlete’s foot and ringworm
Yeast – Only unicellular fungi

36. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae
Characteristics
Eukaryote
Have Cell walls made of cellulose
Contain chloroplasts
Multicellular
autotroph

37. Bryophytes – Nonvascular plants
Ferns – vascular seedless
Seed plants - Gymnosperms
Seed plants – flowering plants angiosperms

38. Examples of Plants Seed plants/non-flowering - conifers
Mosses, and ferns the seedless plants
Flowering seed plants

39. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics
Eukaryote
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Multicellular
heterotroph

40. Examples of Animals

41. Problems with Classification
Which characteristics are more important?
Those we can see….
Or those we can’t
Classifying only observable traits can pose problems

42. Think about it.
Linnaeus tried to group organisms according to biologically important characteristics
This was more than a century before Darwin’s ideas about evolution.
And how organisms are related

43. What is the problem with classifying based on body structure comparisons?
Barnacles and limpets would be grouped together
The problem is…which similarities and differences are most important?

44. Grouping based on the lines of evolutionary descent
Grouping based on the lines of evolutionary descent Darwin’s theory of evolution changed the way biologists thought about classification
Crabs and barnacles are more closely related and are grouped together.
Organisms are grouped into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities

46. Evolutionary Classification
Phylogeny-the study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another.
The strategy is to group organisms together based on their evolutionary history (evolutionary classification)
Look at their evolutionary descent rather than similarities and differences
Bozeman Science Phylogenies

47. Evolutionary Classification
Common Ancestors
Phylogenetic systematics places organisms into higher taxa
The larger a taxon is, the farther back in time its members shared a common ancestor.

48. Phylogeny Example

49. Cladogram
Classifying organisms according to these rules places them into groups called clades
Clade – is a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor – living and extinct.
At each juncture is a new evolutionary trait

50. Cladogram example of barnacles and limpets

51. Similarities in DNA and RNA
Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships
DNA of different organisms can be “read” and compared to trace the history of genes.
They are useful because all organisms have either DNA or RNA

52. Comparing DNA of different species
Comparing DNA of different species. The more similarities in the DNA sequence, the more closely related the species.