1. Chapter 12 - Succession

2. Daily Objectives Describe how ecosystems recover from a disturbance.
Compare succession after a natural disturbance with succession after a human caused disturbance.

3. Think About It (not on notes)
In 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatau in the Indian Ocean was blown to pieces by an eruption. The tiny island that remained was completely barren.
Within two years, grasses were growing. Fourteen years later, there were 49 plant species, along with lizards, birds, bats, and insects. By 1929, a forest containing 300 plant species had grown. Today, the island is blanketed by mature rain forest.
How did the island ecosystem recover so quickly?

4. Succession Ecosystems change over time especially after a disturbance
some species die out
some new species move in
succession increase the number of species

5. Primary Succession
Mount St. Helens
Before After

6. Start of Regrowth

7. Mount St. Helens Today

8. Primary Succession New land created or sterilization occurs
No remnants of a former community
Slow process, can take centuries to grow back
Growth begins at newly exposed surface

9. Primary Succession Succession of plant growth:
Pioneer species are the first species to move into an area
Ex. Lichens - Help break down rock and form soil.
Succession of plant growth:
Bare rocklichensgrassesbushestrees

10. Primary Succession
Examples of disturbances that can cause primary succession:
Volcano eruptions / lava flow
Retreating glaciers (pict on handout)

11. Primary Succession
This shows Primary succession on retreating glacier, Glacier Bay, Alaska

12. Secondary Succession Existing community is not completely destroyed
New and surviving vegetation can regrow
Re-growth proceeds quicker because soil survives the disturbance

13. Secondary Succession
Examples of disturbances that can cause secondary succession:
Forest wildfires
Hurricanes
Other natural disturbances

14. Secondary Succession
A deciduous forest ecosystem above….

15. Climax Communities
“Stable” community that results after hundreds of years
Characterized by mature trees

16. Climax Communities
Ecologists used to think that succession in a given area always proceeds through the same stages to produce a specific and stable climax community.
Recent studies have shown that succession doesn’t always follow the same path, and that climax communities are not always uniform and stable.

17. Succession AFTER Natural Disturbances
Secondary succession in healthy ecosystems following natural disturbances often reproduces the original climax community.
Healthy coral reefs and tropical rain forests often recover from storms
Healthy temperate forests and grasslands recover from wildfires.

18. Succession AFTER Human Caused Disturbances
Ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive human-caused disturbances.
Example:
Clearing and farming of tropical rain forests can change the microclimate and soil enough to prevent re-growth of the original community.

20. Pond/Lake Succession
A geological event, such as a glacier or sink hole, can create a pond.
Ponds are nothing more than shallow holes where water collects.
Yet, if left alone, ponds will fill in with dirt and debris until they become land.
It often takes hundreds of years for a pond to be transformed from a body of clear water into soil.

21. The FOUR STAGES of Pond Succession
STAGE 1 1) As a pond develops seeds are flown in by birds and land animals come to inhabit the pond. These are the pond pioneers.

22. 2) As more creatures arrive the debris on the bottom increases.
Stage 2
2) As more creatures arrive the debris on the bottom increases.
Coontail, and other submergent
(below the
surface)
vegetation,
appears and
soon grow all
along the bottom.

23. Stage 3
3) Emergents then appear on the edges of the pond. Over time, sometimes hundreds of years, as ponds plants grow, die and
decompose,
layers of debris
build up. These
layers of
decaying matter
raise the pond
floor over the
years.

25. Stage 4
4) After some time, the pond floor is close enough to the bottom that emergents can grow all the way across the floor.
When this happens, the ponds becomes a marsh. Many interesting creatures can reside in the shallow muddy waters of marshes.

29. What is eutrophication?
eutrophication is a form of water pollution.
eutrophication occurs when excessive fertilizers run into lakes and rivers.
This encourages the growth of algae (algal bloom) and other aquatic plants.
Following this, overcrowding occurs and plants compete for sunlight, space and oxygen.

34. Eutrophication kills organisms.
It is water pollution from too many fertilizers and nutrients draining into the water…..