1. Processing of Metal Powders
Chapter 17
Processing of Metal Powders
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Parts Made by Powder-Metallurgy
(c)
(a)
Figure (a) Examples of typical parts made by powder-metallurgy processes. (b) Upper trip lever for a commercial sprinkler made by P/M. This part is made of an unleaded brass alloy; it replaces a die-cast part with a 60% savings. (c) Main-bearing metal-powder caps for 3.8 and 3.1 liter General Motors automotive engines. Source: (a) and (b) Reproduced with permission from Success Stories on P/M Parts, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, New Jersey, (c) Courtesy of Zenith Sintered Products, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Steps in Making Powder-Metallurgy Parts
Figure Outline of processes and operations involved in making powder-metallurgy parts.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

4. Particle Shapes in Metal Powders
Figure Particle shapes in metal powders, and the processes by which they are produced. Iron powders are produced by many of these processes.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

5. Powder Particles
(a)
(b)
Figure (a) Scanning-electron-microscopy photograph of iron-powder particles made by atomization. (b) Nickel-based superalloy (Udimet 700) powder particles made by the rotating electrode process; see Fig 17.5c. Source: Courtesy of P.G. Nash, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

6. Methods of Metal-Powder Production by Atomization
Figure Methods of metal-powder production by atomization: (a) gas atomization; (b) water atomization; (c) atomization with a rotating consumable electrode; and (d) centrifugal atomization with a spinning disk or cup.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

7. Mechanical Comminution to Obtain Fine Particles
Figure Methods of mechanical comminution to obtain fine particles: (a) roll crushing, (b) ball mill, and (c) hammer milling.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

8. Mechanical Alloying
Figure Mechanical alloying of nickel particles with dispersed smaller particles. As nickel particles are flattened between the two balls, the second smaller phase is impresses into the nickel surface and eventually is dispersed throughout the particle due to successive flattening, fracture, and welding events.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

9. Bowl Geometries in Blending Metal Powders
Figure (a) through (d) Some common bowl geometries for mixing or blending powders. (e) A mixer suitable for blending metal powders. Since metal powders are abrasive, mixers rely on the rotation or tumbling of enclosed geometries as opposed to using aggressive agitators. Source: Courtesy of Gardner Mixers, Inc.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

10. Compaction
Figure (a) Compaction of metal powder to form a bushing. The pressed-powder part is called green compact. (b) Typical tool and die set for compacting a spur gear. Source: Courtesy of Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

11. Density as a Function of Pressure and the Effects of Density on Other Properties
Figure (a) Density of copper- and iron-powder compacts as a function of compacting pressure. Density greatly influences the mechanical and physical properties of P/M parts. (b) Effect of density on tensile strength, elongation, and electrical conductivity of copper powder. Source: (a) After F. V. Lenel, (b) IACS: International Annealed Copper Standard (for electrical conductivity).
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

12. Density Variation in Compacting Metal Powders
Figure Density variation in compacting metal powders in various dies: (a) and (c) single-action press; (b) and (d) double-action press. Note in (d) the greater uniformity of density from pressing with two punches with separate movements when compared with (c). (e) Pressure contours in compacted copper powder in a single-action press. Source: After P. Duwez and L. Zwell.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

13. Compacting Pressures for Various Powders
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

14. Press for Compacting Metal Powder
Figure A 7.3-mn (825-ton) mechanical press for compacting metal powder. Source: Courtesy of Cincinnati Incorporated.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

15. Cold Isostatic Pressing
Figure Schematic diagram of cold isostatic pressing, as applied to forming a tube. The powder is enclosed in a flexible container around a solid-core rod. Pressure is applied isostatically to the assembly inside a high-pressure chamber. Source: Reprinted with permission from R. M. German, Powder Metallurgy Science, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, NJ; 1984.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

16. Capabilities Available from P/M Operations
Figure Capabilities, with respect to part size and shape complexity, available form various P/M operations. P/F means powder forging. Source: Courtesy of Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

17. Hot Isostatic Pressing
Figure Schematic illustration of hot isostatic pressing. The pressure and temperature variation versus time are shown in the diagram.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

18. Valve Lifter for Diesel Engines
Figure A valve lifter for heavy-duty diesel engines produced form a hot-isostatic-pressed carbide cap on a steel shaft. Source: Courtesy of Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

19. Powder Rolling Figure 17.17 Schematic illustration of powder rolling.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

20. Spray Deposition
Figure Spray deposition (Osprey Process) in which molten metal is sprayed over a rotating mandrel to produce seamless tubing and pipe.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

21. Sintering Time and Temperature for Metals
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

22. Mechanisms for Sintering Metal Powders
Figure Schematic illustration of two mechanisms for sintering metal powders: (a) solid-state material transport; and (b) vapor-phase material transport. R = particle radius, r = neck radius, and p = neck-profile radius.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

23. Mechanical Properties of P/M Materials
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

24. Comparison of Properties of Wrought and Equivalent P/M Metals
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

25. Mechanical Property Comparisons for Titanium Alloy
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

26. Design Considerations for P/M
The shape of the compact must be kept as simple and uniform as possible.
Provision must be made for ejection of the green compact without damaging the compact.
P/M parts should be made with the widest acceptable tolerances to maximize tool life.
Part walls should not be less than 1.5 mm thick; thinner walls can be achieved on small parts; walls with length-to-thickness ratios above 8:1 are difficult to press.
Steps in parts can be produced if they are simple and their size doesn’t exceed 15% of the overall part length.
Letters can be pressed if oriented perpendicular to the pressing direction. Raised letters are more susceptible to damage in the green stage and prevent stacking.
Flanges or overhangs can be produced by a step in the die.
A true radius cannot be pressed; instead use a chamfer.
Dimensional tolerances are on the order of ±0.05 to 0.1 mm. Tolerances improve significantly with additional operations such as sizing, machining and grinding.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

27. Die Design for Powder-Metal Compaction
Figure Die geometry and design features for powder-metal compaction. Source: Courtesy of Metal-Powder Industries Federation
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

28. Poor and Good Designs of P/M Parts
Figure Examples of P/M parts showing poor and good designs. Note that sharp radii and reentry corners should be avoided and that threads and transverse holes have to be produced separately by additional machining operations. Source: Courtesy of Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

29. Design Features for Use with Unsupported Flanges or Grooves
Figure (a) Design features for use with unsupported flanges. (b) Design features for use with grooves. Source: Courtesy of Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

30. Use of Smooth Transitions in Molds
Figure The use of smooth transitions in molds for powder-injection molding to ensure uniform metal-powder distribution throughout a part.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.