1. Louisiana State University Radiation Safety Office
Module 5
Regulations and Standards
In addition to the rules established by the LSU Radiation Safety Committee there are state and in some cases federal regulations governing the possession and use of radiation and radioactive materials.

2. In The Beginning ...
On 8 November 1895, William Conrad Roentgen discovered the x-ray.

3. The First X-Ray
On 22 December 1895, Mr. Roentgen made the first x-ray photograph (Mrs. Roentgen’s hand).

4. The Aftermath
On 1 January 1896, Roentgen announced his discovery to the world.
14 February 1896, four days after news of the discovery reached the U.S, x-rays were used to guide surgery in New York.
In early 1896, the Italian military began using x-rays to diagnose and treat wounded soldiers

5. At the same time ...
In February 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity.

6. Recognizing the Hazards
Jan 1896: The first radiation burns were reported
Nov 1896: Elihu Thompson intentionally exposed his little finger to radiation over a period of a few days and then cautioned against over exposure “… or there may be cause for regret when too late.”
Becquerel and Pierre Curie both suffered abdominal burns from carrying vials of radium in their vest pockets.

7. Early Protection Recommendations
Between 1896 and 1899, William Herbert Rollins proposed almost all of the protective measures now employed in x-ray systems.
Shielded tube housings.
Collimators
Pulsed fluoroscopy
Filtration
In 1896, Thomas Edison cautioned against the continued use of x-rays and abandoned his own research in this area.

8. Standards Organizations
1925: The First International Congress on Radiology meets in London.
1928: The Second International Congress on Radiology meets.
1929: The Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection is founded (Later becomes the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)
1950: The International Congress on Radiology changes its name to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

9. Regulatory Agencies
1946 & 1954: The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and the 1954 amendments to the Act establish the Atomic Energy Commission to regulate source, special nuclear, and by-product material.
1959: The Federal Radiation Council is organized to control non-AEC materials.

10. Early Exposure Limits
Early 1920s: No more than 7 hours per day, with Sunday and two half-days per week off, performing x-ray procedures.
Mid 1920s: 1/100 of the Erythema dose in any 30 day period (works out to about 72 rads/yr).
Early 1930s: 50 R/yr
Late 1930s: 25 R/yr
1950: 300 mrem/week (15 rem/yr) deep dose and 600 mrem/week (30 rem/yr) shallow dose
1959: 5 rem/yr (ICRP)

11. Radiation Measurements
Early 1900s: The ionization chamber is developed.
1920s: Photographic film begins to be used as a dosimeter.
1928: a Roentgen defined as 1 esu/cm3 of air (essentially 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg of air)
Later: the rad and rem were defined.

12. Regulatory Agencies
1970: The EPA is established and the FRC becomes part of EPA.
1974: AEC is replaced by the DOE and NRC.
UNK: DOT begins regulating the transport of radioactive materials.
UNK: FDA regulates the performance of x-ray systems.
UNK: OSHA regulates occupational exposures at non-NRC licensed facilities

13. Dose Limits
1977: ICRP recommends 5 rem/yr including internal exposures
1990: ICRP recommends 2 rem/yr averaged over 5 years with no single year exceeding 5 rem.
1994: NRC adopt 1977 recommendations.

14. What Needs to be Regulated ?
Byproduct Material
Source Material
Special Nuclear Material
Naturally occurring and Accelerator
produced Radioactive Material (NARM)
Ionizing Radiation Producing Devices

15. Byproduct Material Any radioactive material (except special
nuclear material) yielded in, or made
radioactive by, exposure to the radiation
incident of the process of producing or
utilizing special nuclear material.

16. Source Material Uranium or thorium or any combination
of uranium and thorium in any physical or
chemical form

17. Special Nuclear Material
Plutonium, uranium-233, uranium
enriched in the isotope 233 or in the
isotope 235.

18. NARM Naturally occurring or accelerator-
produced radioactive material, such as
radium, and not classified as source
material.

19. Ionizing Producing Devices
Electronic devices that are capable of
emitting ionizing radiation. Examples are
linear accelerators, cyclotrons,
radiofrequency generators that use
cyclotrons or magnetrons, and other
electron tubes that produce x-rays.

20. Hierarchy of Standards
Federal Laws and Regulations.
State Laws and Regulations
Accreditation Standards.
National and International Consensus
Standards and Guidance.

21. Who Regulates What in Louisiana?
NRC: Special Nuclear (more than 200 grams)
State: Source, Byproduct, Special Nuclear (less than 200 grams) NARM and Radiation Producing Devices
OSHA: Everything (sort of)
EPA: Disposal and Environmental Releases
DOT: Transportation
FDA: Radiation Producing Devices (Performance)

22. LA Environmental Code PART XV
The state of LA, not the NRC, regulates the use of radiation at LSU.
Louisiana Radiation Protection Division of the Department of Environmental Quality is the proponent.
The LARPD issues specific licenses for the receipt, possession, distribution, use, transportation, transfer, and disposal of radioactive material.

23. PART XV (CONT.)
Chapter 4 covers: occupational dose limits, radiation dose limits for individual members of the public, surveys and monitoring, control of exposures from external sources in restricted areas, respiratory protection, storage and control, waste disposal, records, reports, and enforcement.

24. Title 10 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations)
a. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC) is the proponent.
b. Governs the use of special nuclear
material in excess of 200 grams.

25. Title 21 CFR a. Public Health Service, Center for Devices
and Radiological Health is the proponent.
b. Governs standards and programs for cold
cathode discharge tubes, x-ray inspections
at airports, industrial x-ray equipment, laser
products, ultrasound devices, mercury
vapor lamps and sun lamps .

26. Title 29 CFR
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the proponent.
Governs the use of all ionizing radiation to include alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high speed protons, and other atomic particles.
Part , Ionizing Radiation, includes requirements for dose limits, instructions to employees, posting requirements, and reports of over-exposure.
Memorandum of understanding with Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

27. Title 49 CFR
Transportation of Radioactive Materials.

28. RADIATION PROTECTION GOALS
LIMIT PROBABILITY OF RADIATION BIOEFFECTS
DEVELOP ACCEPTABLE RISK WITH DERIVED BENEFITS
PROTECT HUMAN KIND AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

29. RADIATION PROTECTION OBJECTIVES
PREVENTION OF NON-STOCHASTIC DISEASE
SEVERITY VARIES WITH MAGNITUDE OF DOSE
HEALTH EFFECTS HAVE A THRESHOLD DOSE
EXAMPLES: CATARACTS, IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY

30. RADIATION PROTECTION OBJECTIVES
PREVENTION OF NON-STOCHASTIC DISEASE
SEVERITY VARIES WITH MAGNITUDE OF DOSE
HEALTH EFFECTS HAVE A THRESHOLD DOSE
(EX: CATARACTS, IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY)
LIMIT RISK OF STOCHASTIC HEALTH EFFECTS
SEVERITY INDEPENDENT OF DOSE (BOTH SOMATIC AND GENETIC)
(EX: LEUKEMIA, MALIGNANT TUMORS)

31. RADIATION PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY
BENEFITS MUST OUTWEIGH THE RISKS
KEEP RADIATION DOSES ALARA,
AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE

32. RADIATION RISK IN PERSPECTIVE
RADIOGENIC HEALTH EFFECTS HAVE NOT BEEN OBSERVED BELOW DOSES OF 10 REM
LIMITATION OF QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENTS TO DOSES AT OR ABOVE 5 REM PER YEAR OR 10 REM LIFETIME
USE OF QUALITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT BELOW 5 REM PER YEAR - MANAGEMENT OF ALARA IN RADIATION PROTECTION
Source: Health Physics Society Position Statements

33. NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES RADIATION NOTICE
LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
LICENSING & REGISTRATIONS SECTION
RADIATION NOTICE
STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION
NOTICES, INSTRUCTIONS & REPORTS TO WORKERS; INSPECTIONS
In the Louisiana Administrative Code LAC 33:XV (Louisiana Radiation Regulations), the Secretary has established standards for your protection against radiation hazards and has established certain provisions for the options of workers engaged in work under a license or registration certificate issued by the Department.
YOUR EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITY
Your employer is required to—
Apply these regulations and the conditions of his/her license or registration certificate to work involving sources of radiation.
Post, or otherwise make available to you, a copy of LAC 33:XV (Louisiana Radiation Regulations), licenses, registration certificates and operating procedures which apply to work in which you are engaged and to explain their provisions to you. These documents are available at
RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE /2747/2743
Post all notices of violation involving radiological working conditions, proposed imposition of civil penalties and orders.
YOUR RESPONSIBILITY AS A WORKER
You should familiarize yourself with those provisions of LAC 33:XV (Louisiana Radiation Regulations) and the operating procedures which apply to the work in which you are engaged. You should observe their provisions for your own protection and the protection of your co-workers.
WHAT IS COVERED BY THESE REGULATIONS
Limits on exposure to radiation and radioactive material in restricted and unrestricted areas;
Measures to be taken after accidental exposure;
Personnel monitoring, surveys and equipment;
Caution signs, labels and safety interlock equipment;
Exposure records and reports;
Options for workers regarding Department inspections; and
Related matters.
REPORTS ON YOUR RADIATION EXPOSURE HISTORY
LAC 33:XV (Louisiana Radiation Regulations) require that your employer give you a written report if you receive a radiation dose in excess of any applicable limit as set forth in the regulations or in the license or registration certificate. The basic limits for radiation dose to employees are set forth in Chapter 4 of the regulations. This chapter specifies limits on radiation dose and exposure to concentrations of radioactive material in air and water.
If you work where personnel monitoring is required, and if you request information on your radiation doses,
Upon termination of your employment, your employer must give you a written report of your radiation doses, and
Your employer must advise you annually of your dose from radiation.
INSPECTIONS
All licensed or registered activities are subject to inspection by representatives of the Department. In addition, any worker or representative of workers who believes that there is a violation of the Louisiana Nuclear Energy and Radiation Control Law, the regulations issued there under, or the terms of the employer’s license or registration certificate with regard to radiological working conditions in which the worker is engaged, may request an inspection by sending a notice of the alleged violation(s) to the Department. The request must set forth the specific grounds for the notice and must be signed by the worker or a representative of the worker. During inspections, Department inspectors may confer privately with workers, and any worker may bring to the attention of the inspectors any past or present condition which he believes contributed to or caused any violation as described above.
INQUIRIES
Inquiries dealing with the matters outlined above can be directed to:
EMERGENCY & RADIOLOGICAL SERVICES DIVISION
P.O. BOX 4312
BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA
AFTER HOURS EMERGENCY
TELEPHONE NUMBER
Copies of this notice must be posted in a sufficient number of places in every establishment where employees are employed in activities licensed or registered by the Department, pursuant to Chapters 2 and 3 of LAC 33:XV (Louisiana Radiation Regulations), to permit employees working in or frequenting any portion of a restricted area to observe a copy on the way to or from their place of employment DRC-3 (Rev. 1/06)
Note : A copy of each workers annual exposure report is available at the Radiation Safety Office.