1. Chapter 5 The Atomic Nucleus
Lecture Presentation
Chapter 5 The Atomic Nucleus
Bradley Sieve
Northern Kentucky University
Highland Heights, KY

2. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Watch Section 5.1 Videos (four)
5.1 Radioactivity--the Disintegration of the Atomic Nucleus (four videos) a. Chapter Intro Video #CO501Na (2:10 Minutes)
Watch on Cell phone: b. The Discovery of Radioactivity Video #CO501Nb (4:37 Minutes) Watch on Cell phone: c. The Different Types of Radioactivity Video #CO501JNc (4:28 Minutes) Watch on Cell phone: d. Penetrating Power of Radioactivity Video #CO501Nd (2:54 Minutes) Watch on Cell phone:

3. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Due to the ratio of protons to neutrons
Unstable Nuclei
Contains an “off-balance” ratio of protons and neutrons
Transforms the nucleus to a more stable composition

4. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei

5. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Radioactive Materials
Material containing unstable nuclei
Radioactivity
Emitted high-energy particles and radiation from unstable nuclei
Radioactive Decay
Process of emitting radioactivity

6. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Three types of radiation are emitted
Alpha (α)
Alpha particles carry a positive electric charge
Beta (β)
Beta particles carry a negative electric charge
Gamma (γ)
Gamma particles carry no electric charge

7. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei

8. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Alpha Radiation
Releases a stream of alpha particles
Alpha Particle
Contains two protons and two neutrons
The same as a helium nuclei
Low penetrating power due to large mass (2 a.m.u.) and double positive charge (+2)

9. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Beta Radiation
Releases a stream of beta particles
Beta Particle
Is simply an electron ejected
Medium-range penetrating power with small mass and a single negative charge

10. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Gamma Radiation
High-frequency electromagnetic radiation
Gamma Particle
Is pure energy
Highest penetrating power as there is no mass or charge with the particle

11. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei

12. 5.1 Radioactivity Results from Unstable Nuclei
Take Video Quiz 5.1 in Blackboard’ Course Content

13. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Watch the Section 5.2 Videos:
5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon (Two videos)
a. Radiation Occurs Naturally Video #CO502Na (9:22 Minutes) Watch Video on Cell phone: b. Field Trip to Underground Aquifer Video #CO502Nb (4:20 Minutes)
Watch Video on Cell phone:
Play Nuclear Medicine Video:

14. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Radioactivity has always been present
Contained in soil, air, the earth’s core
Most radiation is natural background radiation
81% natural sources
15% medical and diagnostic sources
4% consumer products

15. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon

16. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Radon-222
Is a common source of radiation
Arises from uranium rocks
Can collect in basements to unsafe levels

17. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Mutations
Alterations in genetic information contained in our cells
Normally harmless but may cause conditions such as many types of cancer
May be passed on to offspring if damage is in a person’s reproductive cells

18. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Rems are units of radiation
Units measure the ability of radiation to cause harm
Lethal doses of radiation begin at 500 rems
Often measured as millirems

19. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Radioactive Tracers
Allow molecules to be traced due to radiation
Generally act the same as nonradioactive molecules

20. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Medical Imaging
Isotopes used for the diagnosis of internal disorders
Tracer path not influenced by radioactive properties

21. 5.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
Take Video Quiz 5.2 in Blackboard’ Course Content

22. 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces
Watch Section 5.3 Videos 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces (Four Videos) a. How the Nucleus Is Held Together Video #CO503Na (4:11 Minutes) Watch video on cell phone: b. Neutrons Need Protons Video #CO503Nb (4:16 Minutes) Watch video on cell phone:
c. Size of the Nucleus Is Limited Video #CO503Nc (2:55 Minutes) Watch video on cell phone: d. A Friend Asked Me Once Video #CO503Nd (2:28 Minutes) Watch video on cell phone:

23. 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces
Strong nuclear force*
Very strong force between nucleons
Only effects very short distances
Repulsive electric forces effect over relatively long-ranges
*The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is the force between protons and neutrons, subatomic particles that are collectively called nucleons. The nuclear force is responsible for binding protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei. Neutrons and protons are affected by the nuclear force almost identically. Since protons have charge +1 e, they experience a strong electric field repulsion (following Coulomb's law) that tends to push them apart, but at short range the attractive nuclear force overcomes the repulsive electromagnetic force. The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum total of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which form it. The difference in mass between bound and unbound nucleons is known as the mass defect. Energy is released when some large nuclei break apart, and it is this energy that is used in nuclear power and nuclear weapons.[

24. 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces
Protons far apart may experience stronger repulsive force than the attractive strong nuclear force

25. 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces

26. Concept Check
Two protons in the atomic nucleus repel each other, but they are also attracted to each other. Why?

27. Concept Check
While two protons repel each other by the electric force, they also attract each other by the strong nuclear force. These forces act simultaneously.

28. 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces
Neutrons act as the “nuclear cement”
Neutrons feel attraction but not repulsion because they do not have a charge

29. 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces
Neutrons can decay to a proton and an electron
This will destabilize the nucleus by increasing the number of protons

30. 5.3 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces
Take Video Quiz 5.3 in Blackboard’ Course Content

31. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements
Watch Section 5.4 Video
5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements (One Video)
a. Transmutation of Elements Video #CO504Na (5:10 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone:
The Alchemist wanted to make gold from Iron,
But is was impossible to chemically or physically do.
However, we can change one element to another, called transmutation, through a nuclear change.

32. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements

33. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements
Transmutation
Changing of one element to another
uranium transmuting into thorium

34. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements
Nuclear Equation
Mass numbers at the top balance
Atomic numbers at the bottom also balance

35. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements
Radioactive particle notations

36. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements
Changes in atomic number by each type of particle release
Alpha: decrease by two
Beta: increase by one

37. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements
U-238 decays to Pb-206 through a
series of alpha and beta decays

38. 5.4 Radioactive Elements Transmute to Different Elements
Take Video Quiz 5.4 in Blackboard’ Course Content

39. 5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity
Watch Section 5.5 Videos (two):
5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity
(Two Videos) a. Half Life is a Measure of Radioactivity Video #CO505Na (6:05 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone b. KM Radioactive Particles Video #CO505Nb (2:45 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone:
Play Half Life Animation Video:

40. 5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity
Radioactive isotopes decay at different rates
Decay rate is measured as an element’s half-life
Half-life is defined as the time required for half of the radioactive atoms to decay

41. 5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity
½∙32=16; ½∙16=8; ½∙8=4; ½∙4=2; ½∙2 = 1 gram remaining
1st ½ life nd ½ life 3rd ½ life 4th ½ life th ½ life Time Elapsed 40 days

42. 5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity

43. 5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity

44. 5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity

45. 5.5 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity
Take Video Quiz 5.5 in Blackboard’ Course Content

46. 5.6 Isotopic Dating Measures the Ages of Materials
Watch Section 5.6 Video:
5.6 Isotopic Dating Measures the Ages of Materials (One Video) a. Radioactive Dating Video #CO506Na (5:03 Minutes) Watch Video on Cell Phone:

47. 5.6 Isotopic Dating Measures the Ages of Materials

48. 5.6 Isotopic Dating Measures the Ages of Materials
C-14 decays back to C-12 over time
Plants replenish C-14 while growing to maintain a constant amount
Once plant dies, amount of C-14 decreases

49. 5.6 Isotopic Dating Measures the Ages of Materials
Carbon-14 Dating
Used to calculate the age of carbon-containing artifacts
Half of the C-14 decays in about 5730 years
Exhibits roughly a 15% error rate
Take Video Quiz 5.6 in Blackboard’ Course Content

50. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Watch Section 5.7 Videos
5.7 Nuclear Fission--The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei (Three Videos) a. Nuclear Fission Video #CO507Na (9:59 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone: b. Nuclear Fission for Electricity Video #CO507Nb (4:43 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone:   c. Benefits and Risks of Fission Power Video #CO507Nc (3:40 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone:

51. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Splitting a large nucleus into smaller halves
Releases enormous amounts of energy
Nuclear Reaction:

52. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Chain Reaction
When a product of one reaction begins the next reaction
Neutrons propagate the chain reaction for U-235

53. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Nuclear Fission Video:
Chain Reaction Video:
Play Videos:
(Not available at this time!)

54. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Nuclear Fission Reactors
Produces electrical energy from nuclear reactions
1 kg of U yields more energy than freight-car loads of coal

55. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Major components of a fission reactor
Nuclear fuel
U-238 mostly with about 3% U-235
Control rods
Neutron-absorbing material
Moderator
Slows the velocity of the neutrons
Liquid
Transfers the heat from the reactor

56. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Play Nuclear Power Plant Video:
Mp4 video-click to start:

57. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei

58. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei

59. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei

60. 5.7 Nuclear Fission—The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei
Radioactive Waste
By-products of nuclear reactions
Half-lives range from short to thousands of years
Disposal of waste is problematic
Take Video Quiz 5.7 in Blackboard’ Course Content

61. 5.8 The Mass-Energy Relationship. E=mc2
Watch Section 5.8 Videos:
5.8 The Mass-Energy Relationship: E = mc (Two Videos) a. Matter and Energy are Convertible Video #CO508Na (9:27 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone: b. A Nucleon’s Mass Depends on Location Video #CO508Nb (3:20 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone:

62. 5.8 The Mass-Energy Relationship. E=mc2
Albert Einstein
Postulated that mass and energy are two sides of the same coin
E=mc2
E = energy
m = mass
c = speed of light

63. 5.8 The Mass-Energy Relationship. E=mc2
Variation of average mass based on the nucleus that contains it
Nucleons lose mass in their transition from uranium to a smaller fragment
Take Video Quiz 5.8 in Blackboard’ Course Content

64. 5.9 Nuclear Fusion—The Combining of Atomic Nuclei
Watch Section 5.9 Videos:
5.9 Nuclear Fusion--The Combining of Atomic Nuclei (Three Videos) a. Fusion: The Combining of Nucleus Video #CO509Na (3:30 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone: b. Thermonuclear Fusion Video #CO509Nb (5:43 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone: c. Fusion for Peaceful Purposes Video #CO509Nb (3:41 Minutes) Watch on Cell Phone:

65. 5.9 Nuclear Fusion—The Combining of Atomic Nuclei
Combining two light nuclei to form a larger nucleus
Mass is lost during the fusion process
Lost mass is released as energy

66. 5.9 Nuclear Fusion—The Combining of Atomic Nuclei
Thermonuclear Fusion
Fusion brought about by high temperatures
Can be initiated by a fission reaction

67. 5.9 Nuclear Fusion—The Combining of Atomic Nuclei
Controlling fusion can be done using plasmas
Magnetic straitjacket for hot ionized gases
Currently no commercial fusion power plants in use
Take Video Quiz 5.9 in Blackboard’ Course Content

68. Project #7 Nuclear Power Plants
Project #7: About Electricity from Nuclear Power Plants (Chapter 5 &17) (10 points) (Required)       a. Project #7 Nuclear Power Plant Assignment Download WORD .doc File Watch the Hollywood movie and:
1.     Take Film Notes and submit see download
2.     Note the vocabulary words from Chapter 5 & 17 used in the film from the list proved Take the online vocabulary quiz. See the download
3.     Then submit the answers to the discussion question in download
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