1. Classification of Matter
A physical substance that has mass and takes up space (volume).

2. Atoms and Elements Atom are the smallest unit of matter.
All matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms cannot be broken down into smaller pieces by chemical means.
Elements are made up the same atoms.
Elements cannot be decomposed into other substances.

3. Element Element composed of identical atoms pure substance
EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

4. Molecules
Molecule – a combination of 2 or more atoms (same or different) that are covalently bonded.
A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which exhibits the physical and chemical characteristics of the substance.
Diatomic molecules of elements :
H2 O2 Cl2 N2 F2 Br2 I2

5. Compounds
Two or more different elements bonded together in a fixed proportion or ratio.
NaCl
Their properties differ from
those of individual elements.
Pure substances
Examples:
H2O CO2 CaSO4 HBR

6. Carbon and Oxygen Compounds
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.

7. Compounds
Slight differences in combinations of atoms can have large difference in properties
Examples:
H2O- water
H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide
C2 H6O – ethanol, drinkable
C2 H6O2 – ethylene glycol, poisonous

8. Law of Definite Composition and Multiple Proportions
A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.

9. Same kind of particles throughout
Compounds vs Elements
Same kind of particles throughout
Compounds
Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes, always in a definite ratio
Elements
Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes

10. Mixture
Mixtures are two or more substance that are not chemically combined.
Mixtures do not have a fixed composition.
Mixtures do not have constant boiling points or melting points.

11. Mixture Variable composition
Components retain their characteristic properties
May be separated into pure substances by physical methods.
Mixtures of different compositions may have widely different properties.

12. Pure Substances and Mixtures

13. Which is it?
Compound
Mixture
Element

14. Physical Separation Techniques
By eye
Filtration- to separate solid(s) and liquid(s)
Distillation-to separate two or more liquids with different boiling points
Chromatography-to separate pure liquids or solutions of compounds

15. Heterogeneous vs Homogeneous Mixtures
Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous

18. Types of mixtures Homogeneous mixture -uniform properties in a sample
-same composition in a sample
eg: sugar and water
Heterogeneous mixture
non-uniform
each component of a mixture
retains its own properties
eg: oil and water, sand and water

19. Can it be physically separated?
Matter Flowchart
MATTER
yes no
Can it be physically separated?
MIXTURE
PURE SUBSTANCE
Is the composition uniform? no
yes
Can it be chemically decomposed? no
yes
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
Colloids
Suspensions

20. Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Examples:
graphite
pepper
sugar (sucrose)
paint
soda

21. Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Examples:
graphite
pepper
sugar (sucrose)
paint
soda
element
hetero. mixture
compound
solution

22. Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Classify the following as an element, compound, or mixture (heterogeneous or homogeneous).
_____ air _____ oxygen
_____ tin can _____ sugar
_____ Windex _____ crude oil
_____ suntan lotion _____ gummi bear

23. Element, Compound, or Mixture?
1. Classify the following as an element, compound, or mixture (heterogeneous or homogeneous).
_hom_ air __E__ oxygen
__E__ tin can __C__ sugar
_hom_ Windex __het_ crude oil
__het_ suntan lotion _hom_ gummi bear

24. Heterogeneous or Homogeneous?
A white solid is dissolved in water. The resulting colorless, clear liquid is boiled in a beaker until dryness. White crystals remain in the beaker. The liquid can be classified as a(n) ______________.
Homogenous Mixture