1. Diagnostic Sampling in Ruminants

2. Many diagnostic samples procedures in ruminants are performed similarly to the procedures in horses

3. Venous Blood sampling It is a common procedure
Blood is submitted to federal diagnostic laboratory for disease screening
Blood can also be used to diagnose and guide treatment of individual diseases
The location of venipuncture depends on the species and the of blood needed

4. Jugular vein The most common location for venipuncture.
It is the largest diameter and most accessible vein and is safest for the technician when the head is properly restrained
Young animals may be restrained standing
After cleaning the site the vein is distended by placing all of the fingers or a fist firmely into the jugular grove

6. Jugular The most common location for venous sampling

7. Tap Tap….

8. Coccygeal venipuncture
Through the ventral aspect of the tail, in the proximal third
of the tail

9. Subcutaneous abdominal (Milk) vein
Only in dairy cattle
It tends to bleed for a prolongated time and tends to form hematomas

10. INTRAMUSCULAR Injection
Dairy cattle

11. Subcutaneous Injections
Subcutaneous injections are normally administered by pulling up a pinch of skin to a "tent," inserting the needle into the base of the tent and parallel to the long axis of the animal's body. Be careful not to penetrate through to the other side and discharge the medication on the skin.

12. Rumen fluid collection
Rumenocentosis is performed with 14-ga needle for cattle and 16 or 18-ga need le for small ruminants through a site caudal to the left of ventral middline.
Normal fluid is green has a “sweet pungent” fermented odor
The pH generally is 6.5 to 7.5

13. Urine collection
Urine sample is either by catching a voided sample or by bladder catherization via urethra
In cattle, females may be encouraged to urinate by “titillating” which is the method of stimulating the perineal area