1. Introduction to Medical Careers
Cardiovascular & Circulatory Systems
Chapters 11-12

2. CHAPTER 11 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

3. I will be able to:
Define at least eight terms referring to the cardiovascular system.
Describe the function of the cardiovascular system.
Identify at least ten cardiovascular system structures and the function of each.
Describe at least three disorders of the cardiovascular system.

4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
double sided pump
weighs less than 1 lb.
about the size of a fist
located behind and to the left of the sternum

5. Structure and Function
• Functions of the cardiovascular system:
Transports nutrients and oxygen to the body
Transports waste products from the cells to the kidneys for excretion
Distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body
Helps control body temperature and maintain electrolyte balance

6. Tissue Layers of the Heart
ENDOCARDIUM
Smooth layer of cells lining the inside of the heart and forming the valves
MYOCARDIUM (the “heart muscle”)
The thickest layer, consisting of muscle tissue
PERICARDIUM
Double membrane that covers the outside of the heart, providing lubrication between the heart and surrounding structures to prevent tissue damage

7. Heart (Continued)
Activity of the heart muscle is controlled by the nervous system
Also affected by action of hormones and fluid balance

8. Heart (Continued) PULMONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to rest of the body
Blood returns to the right side of the heart from the body to complete the cycle
Hepatic circulation
Blood flow between the digestive organs
Path of the blood from the intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, and spleen through the liver

9. Heart (Continued) • Four chambers of the heart Septum Atria Ventricles
Top two chambers
Blood enters the heart through the atria
Ventricles
Lower two chambers
Blood leaves the heart through the ventricles
Septum
Divides the right and left sides of the heart

10. https://youtu.be/ruM4Xxhx32U?list=PL3oqURV7rezzc8lLBxDqjhUS_x9gy1BRl

11. Anatomy 4 chambers of the heart R & L ventricle (bottom)
R & L atrium (top) LA RA LV RV

12. Superior & Inferior vena cava
Blood Vessels
Superior & Inferior vena cava
bring deoxygenated blood from body to the heart
Pulmonary Artery
delivers deoxygenated blood TO lungs
Pulmonary Vein
brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
Aorta
sends oxygenated blood out to body

13. Heart (Continued) • Four valves of the heart
Prevent blood from flowing back into heart

14. Valves
pulmonary
tricuspid
bicuspid (mitral)
aortic

16. https://youtu.be/qmpd82mpVO4

17. Figure 11-1 Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System

18. Pathway of Blood Deoxygenated blood enters Vena Cava to Right Atrium
Through Tricuspid Valve to Right Ventricle
Through Pulmonary Valve to Pulmonary Artery
To lungs pick up oxygen, back to heart via Pulmonary Vein
Into Left Atrium into Bicuspid Valve into Left Ventricle
Through Aortic Valve into Aorta, oxygenated blood is taken to the body.

19. https://youtu.be/lt7Tj_KGTNE

20. Table 11-1 Path of the Blood Through the Heart

22. CHAPTER 12 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

23. I will be able to:
Define at least eight terms referring to the circulatory system.
Describe two functions of the circulatory system.
List five functions of blood.
Describe the function of lymph.
Describe at least three disorders of the cardiovascular system.

24. Structure and Function
Structure of the circulatory system
Includes the blood and lymph that move through the body
Function of the circulatory system
Both blood and lymph are tissues that maintain homeostasis and give the body immunity

25. Blood
Body contains approximately 4 to 5 liters of blood, making up about 8% of the body’s weight
Functions include:
Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and hormones
Removing metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
Providing immunity through antibodies
Maintaining body temperature and electrolyte balance
Clotting to prevent bleeding from a wound

26. Red Blood Cells Make up our blood, millions in just a drop of blood
Each red blood cell lives only 90 to 120 days

27. Table 12-1 Formed Elements of Blood

28. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Erythrocytes contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all cells and removes carbon dioxide
New cells are manufactured by the red marrow or myeloid tissue in bones
Hemopoiesis
Process in which a few million new blood cells are made each second
The liver and spleen remove dead red blood cells

29. Figure 12-2 Erythrocytes Circulating in the Blood

30. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Remove foreign particles
Fight infection
Help prevent disease
There are fewer white blood cells than red
White blood cells are larger than red
Leukocytes live about 9 days
Pus consists of white blood cells mixed with bacteria

31. Phagocytosis Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ

32. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Smallest blood cells
Platelets promote clotting to prevent blood loss
Platelets can form a plug to seal small vessels by themselves or start the clotting process
Produced in red bone marrow
Live about 5 to 9 days

33. Plasma
A pale yellow liquid that remains when elements are removed from blood
Whole blood is 55% plasma
Plasma is 90% water and approximately 10% proteins
It contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, enzymes, hormones, and wastes
Helps fight infection and assists in the clotting (coagulation) of blood

34. Blood Typing
A person’s blood type is an inherited characteristic of the blood
A blood type is determined by the antigens located on the surface of the red blood cell
Clumping of incompatible cells blocks blood vessels and may cause death

35. Blood Typing (Continued)
Four main blood types: A B
AB (universal recipient)
Person with AB can safely receive any type of blood
O (universal donor)
Can safely be given to a person of any blood type

36. Table 12-2 Four Major Blood Groups

37. Table 12-3 Distribution of Blood Types in the U.S. Population

38. Blood Typing (Continued)
Rh factor
Antigen
Found in the red blood cells
85% of North Americans are Rh-positive
Giving Rh-positive blood to a person with Rh-negative blood can be fatal
Considered a foreign particle to the Rh person’s blood and tries to combat it by forming antibodies
Rh factor also important in Rh-negative mother having a second Rh-positive baby

40. Lymph and Lymphatic Tissue
Two important functions:
The process of immunity
Maintaining the body’s fluid balance
Lymph is a watery substance formed from fluid that filters into the body tissue or interstitially
Lymphatic tissues consist of the tonsils, thymus, spleen, nodes, and the lymph vessels

41. Figure 12-4 Lymph Vessels and Nodes

42. Immunity Immune response takes on two forms:
As a barrier of the skin, mucous membranes, tears, and the leukocytes
In leukocytes, antibodies are formed in response to antigens or foreign materials that enter the body
May be a localized or systemic reaction
Acquired and/or inherited immunity

43. Blood Vessels Arteries Arterioles Carry blood away from the heart
Blood is oxygenated
Have a muscular layer of tissue that helps pump blood out of the body
Aorta is the largest artery in the body, which branches into smaller arteries
Arterioles
Smaller vessels
Blood moves from arterioles to capillaries

44. Blood Vessels (Continued)
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels that carry blood between the arterial and venous vessels
Gases, nutrients, and waste exchanged
Blood gives up oxygen
Blood flows from capillaries into venules

45. Blood Vessels (Continued)
Veins
Venues branch together to form veins
Carry blood back to the heart by gravity
Blood is deoxygenated except for pulmonary vein
Contain valves that prevent blood from flowing back
Have a much thinner muscular layer
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Largest veins

46. Blood vessels
Arteries- bright red blood, under pressure, to the body, usually with oxygen, thick walls
Veins- dark red blood, no pressure, to the heart, usually without oxygen, thin walls
Capillaries- oozing blood, gives blood to the muscles

47. Figure 11-4 Blood Vessels

48. Major Vessels Carotid Artery Brachial Artery Femoral Artery
Radial Artery

49. Figure 11-5 Principal Arteries and Veins

50. Assessment Techniques
Pulse
Surge of blood against the walls of the arteries
Eight pulse points on the body
Normal pulse rate for adults is 60 to 90 beats per minute
Blood pressure
Force of blood against the walls of the arteries
Systolic pressure
Ventricles of the heart contract
Diastolic pressure
Ventricles relax
Normal blood pressure
120/80
Blood pressure varies greatly among people

51. Figure 11-6 Peripheral Pulse Points

52. Assessment Techniques (Continued)
Heart sounds
Lub-dub sound of the heart
Heard through a stethoscope
Murmurs
Abnormal or extra sound
Classified by timing, intensity, location, pitch, and quality of the sound
May be benign or indicate a disorder
Thrill
Vibration felt by touch over an artery
Caused by an abnormal flow of blood

53. Assessment Techniques (Continued)
Electrocardiogram
Measures graphically the pattern of electrical activity in heart contractions
Normal and abnormal heart activities have characteristic wave patterns
Echocardiography
Uses ultrasonic waves to show the structures and motions of the heart
Transducer plots the sound echoes to produce a graphic picture

54. Disorders of the Cardiovascular & Circulatory Systems

55. Angina
Pain, tightness, or discomfort in chest from decreased blood supply to heart
Symptoms spread into your jaw and arms
Worsened by stress, exercise
Warning sign of upcoming heart attack
Tx: Exercise, medication

56. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Aneurysm
An area of a blood vessel that bulges because of a weakness in the wall
Atherosclerosis
A narrowing of blood vessels caused by deposits of fatty material containing calcium and cholesterol
Cardiac arrhythmia
A disturbance of the heart’s rhythm caused by a defect in the heart’s pacemaker cells or by damage to heart tissue

57. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (Continued)
Cardiovascular disease
A general term for the combined effects of arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and related conditions called coronary artery disease
Congenital heart disease
A group of disorders that affect about 25,000 newborns each year in the united states
Congestive heart failure
The inability of the heart to pump blood adequately to meet the body’s needs

58. Hypertension High blood pressure Increased salt intake in diet Stress
High cholesterol
Inactivity
Treatment: medications,
lifestyle adjustment

59. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
Culmination of hypertension, angina, excess fat build-up, clot
Blood supply to/from heart is completely cut off, causing death of muscle
Tx: prevention, 911, CPR

60. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Dysfunction of the immune system caused by a virus
Allergy
Hypersensitive response by the immune system to an outside substance
Anemia
The blood has an inadequate amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells, or both

61. Disorders of the Circulatory System (Continued)
Autoimmune
Conditions in which the immune system of the body turns against itself
Elephantiasis
A massive accumulation of lymphatic fluid in body tissues, causing an abnormally large growth of tissue or hypertrophy

62. Table 12-5 Autoimmune or Autoimmune-Related Disorders

63. Disorders of the Circulatory System (Continued)
Hemophilia
A rare sex-linked genetic blood disease in which the blood is missing a clotting factor
Hepatitis
A viral infection of the blood
Hodgkin’s disease
A malignant cancer of the lymph system

64. Table Hepatitis

65. Disorders of the Circulatory System (Continued)
Leukemia
Also called blood cancer, is an abnormal malignant increase in the number and longevity of white blood cells
Sickle cell anemia
A genetic condition that results in malformed red blood cells
Thrombosis
A condition in which a blood clot, called a thrombus, forms in the blood vessels