1. Tuesday, October 4 I can… Today: Do Now
Explain why Spain closed its East Texas missions
Today:
Chapter 7.1 Lecture Notes
Do Now
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Topic: Spanish Texas
EQ: Why did why Spain close its East Texas missions?

6. Section 1 Spanish Texas 1763-1819
Alliances among several countries changed the boundary and settlement of Texas
Pages

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Catching mustangs
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Section 1-4

8. Spain Acquires Louisiana
Great Britain’s victory over France in the Seven Years’ War ( ) changed the balance of power in the Americas
Under the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Great Britain gained Canada and all French land east of the Mississippi River except, New Orleans
Spain got New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi
France was no longer a colonial power in North America
Spain questions whether the East Texas missions and presidios were still necessary

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Spain Acquires Louisiana (cont.)
How did the Treaty of Paris affect Texas settlement?
The Spanish authorities considered their missions and presidios in Texas unnecessary because Spain acquired land west of the Mississippi River, which eliminated the threat of French settlement in the region.
(pages 138–139)
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Section 1-7

11. Spain Closes East Texas Missions
Spain sent Marques de Rubi to investigate the need for missions in New Spain (p. 139)
After touring 7,000 miles of New Spain, he realized Spain had neither the wealth nor the power to defend its missions
Rubi suggested Spain abandon all its missions in Texas except those in San Antonio and Goliad
Spain could concentrate on forming alliances, or working agreements, with the Comanches against the Apaches
His plan was adopted in 1772
In 1773, the new Spanish governor of Texas, the Baron de Ripperda, closed the three remaining missions in East Texas
He ordered the 500 settlers in the area to move to San Antonio

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Spain Closes East Texas Missions (cont.)
Why did Spain abandon all but two missions in Texas?
They were too expensive to operate.
(page 139)
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Section 1-9

14. Bucareli
Gil Ybarbo – the leader of the East Texans who founded Nacogdoches (p. 139)
He pleaded for permission for the families to return to their former homes because the best land in San Antonio had already been taken
Governor de Ripperda refused, but allowed some of them to settle along the Trinity River, near present-day Madisonville
This town was named Bucareli

16. Nacogdoches Founded Over the next four years, Bucareli did well
Then crop failure, a smallpox epidemic, and conflict with the Comanches forced the colonists to move (p. 139)
In early 1779, Ybarbo moved the settlers back into East Texas (without government approval) where they founded Nacogdoches near the abandoned Mission Guadalupe

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Nacogdoches Founded (cont.)
Why did Spain have little control over the settlers of Nacogdoches?
Spain had abandoned its missions in the remote area of East Texas.
(pages 139–140)
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Section 1-11

19. Settlers Face Many Dangers
Spain’s effort to colonize Texas in the late 1700s was impeded by conflicts with the Native Americans (p. 140)
Spain lacked the available troops to keep the settlers safe
In the 1790s, Spain stopped funding the Texas missions and insisted the churches support themselves

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Settlers Face Many Dangers (cont.)
Why was Spain losing its hold on Texas?
It ended funding for missions; Spanish settlement was hindered by Apache and Comanche raids.
(page 140)
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Section 1-13

23. Spain Helps the American Colonists
While the Spanish were dealing with the problems in Texas, Americans east of the Mississippi River were fighting for independence from Great Britain
Both France and Spain supported the colonists

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Spain Helps the American Colonists (cont.)
How did Spain keep Britain from acquiring the Mississippi Valley?
It supported the American Revolution against Britain, and the Colonists won.
(pages 140–141)
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Section 1-16

25. The United States Buys Louisiana
In 1800, Spain was forced to give Louisiana back to France
In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for about $15 million
What was the result of Louisiana Purchase for U.S.?
The US doubled in size (p. 141)

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The United States Buys Louisiana (cont.)
What effect did the Louisiana Purchase have on the settlement of Texas?
It encouraged Anglo settlers to migrate west of the Mississippi River and into Spanish Texas.
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Section 1-18

28. Disputes About Boundaries
The United States insisted that the American territory extend at least to the Sabine River (now the Texas/Louisiana border)
Spain claimed eastern boundary was a line from the Arroyo Hondo to the Calcasieu River in Louisiana
Spain and the Unites States reached a compromise
They agreed neither side would occupy the disputed area, and this territory became the Neutral Ground
This area soon became a haven for smugglers and fugitives
In 1819, the United States and Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty settling the dispute
Spain transferred Florida to the United States and agreed to the Sabine River as the eastern boundary of Texas (p. 142)
In return, the United States surrendered all claims to Texas

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Disputes About Boundaries (cont.)
What did the United States receive for agreeing that the Sabine River was the eastern boundary of Texas?
The United States received Florida.
(pages 141–142)
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Section 1-21

32. Americans Migrate to Texas
Farmers, traders and filibusters came to Texas
Filibusters = adventurers (p. 142)

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Checking for Understanding
Using Key Terms Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
1. An _________ is an agreement by two or more nations, people, or groups to work together.
2. A _________ is an individual who carries out rebellious activities in a foreign country.
alliance
filibuster
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Section 1-24

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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Reviewing Facts What change in the period 1763–1819 had the greatest impact on Texas?
Possible answer: The Adams–OnÍs Treaty.
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Section 1-25

35. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes
Geography and History How did the Neutral Ground become a haven for smugglers and fugitives?
The Neutral Ground was not governed by any nation.
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Section 1-26

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Critical Thinking
Making Predictions If France had not sold the Louisiana Territory to the Unites States in 1803, how might Texas be different today?
Possible answer: Texans might be French-speaking.
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Section 1-27

37. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
TAKS Practice
Analyzing Outcomes The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the Seven Years’ War. How did the treaty benefit Spain?
Spain received New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi and rid North America of the French threat.
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Section 1-28

38. Section 2 Unrest Grows in Texas
As the call for freedom from Spain was proclaimed in Mexico, many patriots also called for the freedom of Texas
Pages

41. Hidalgo Calls for Independence
Many Mexicans became unhappy with Spanish rule
The best jobs in Mexico were reserved for men from Spain
Spain increased Mexican taxes to help pay for wars in Europe
On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued a call for freedom from Spain
In his call, or grito, for independence, father Hidalgo challenged the Mexican people to recover land stolen from them 300 years earlier (p. 145)
For a time, Hidalgo’s forces did well in battle
Their failure to capture Mexico City doomed their cause
Hidalgo was captured in 1811 and executed

44. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition (1 of 2)
Hidalgo’s death did not stop the movement for independence
Rebels sent one of Father Hidalgo’s supporters, Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, to the United States for money and supplies (p. 145)
After Hidalgo was defeated, Gutierrez de Lara decided to invade Texas to free it from Spanish rule
He began recruiting soldiers
Lieutenant Agustus Magee resigned from the American army and joined Gutierrez
They joined together to fight for liberation in hopes of forming a republic in which voters choose people to represent them
Their forces were called the Republican Army of the North
The Republican Army of the North fought for Texas’ independence (p. 145)

45. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition (2 of 2)
The Republican Army of the North captured Nacogdoches and Goliad
A larger Spanish force laid siege to Goliad for three months
Magee died in February 1813
Samuel Kemper replaced Magee as commander of the Republican army (p. 146)
The Spanish suffered heavy losses and retreated
Kemper’s forces chased and defeated them in battle on March 29
The Spanish then surrendered San Antonio
The leaders of the Republican Army issued a declaration of independence for Texas

49. Disagreements and Defeats
The Americans and Mexicans began arguing over the nature of the new government for Texas
The Americans favored a government similar to the United States with elected officials
The Mexicans preferred a government with appointed officials, much like New Spain’s
Gutierrez De Lara also wanted Texas to remain a part of Mexico
In August 1813, the Republican army fought and lost its last battle near the Medina river
As a result of General Joaquin de Arredondo’s victory, most of the Republican army were killed on the battlefield (p. 146)
Arredondo executed settlers in San Antonio and East Texas whom he suspected of helping Gutierrez de Lara
Other settlers were forced to leave Texas
As a result, the towns of Goliad and Nacogdoches were virtually deserted

50. Revolutionaries and Pirates
Even though the movement to free Texas from Spanish rule had failed, revolutionaries continued their activities in Louisiana and along the Gulf Coast
Revolutionaries got the help of French pirate Louis Michel Aury
They appointed him commissioner of Galveston
For several months he captured Spanish vessels along the coast of Texas
In April 1817, he transported an expedition of rebel troops along the Mexican coast
When he got back, he found Jean Laffite had taken over Galveston
Aury sailed on to Florida and joined British adventurers
Laffite had aided the American Army against the British in the War of 1812, and thus was pardoned for previous crimes and moved his based to Galveston
He claimed he was fighting for Mexican independence, but was more interested in capturing Spanish vessels for their valuable cargos
When his pirates attacked American ships, the US Navy stopped them
Laffite fled to the Caribbean
According to legend, Laffite buried a treasure of gold and silver on one of the islands along the Gulf Coast, but it has never been found!

51. Spain Exiles French Colonists
While Laffite occupied Galveston Island, a group of French colonists tried to settle on the Trinity River near present-day Liberty
The settlers built two small forts
The Spanish governor in Texas sent troops to remove the colonists
Fearing this threat, the colony was abandoned in July 1818

53. James Long Invades Texas
James Long was a Filibuster who tried to free Texas from Spain
He was angered by the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
He objected to the US surrendering its claim to Texas
Long led a force of 300 rebels into Texas in the summer of 1819 and captured Nacogdoches (p.148)
Long went to Galveston Island to ask Jean Lafitte for help
Laffite refused because he felt the revolutionaries had no chance without a large, disciplined army
While Long was in Galveston, Spanish troops attacked and defeated Long’s troops in East Texas
Long went to New Orleans, recruited more troops, and invaded Texas again, this time by sea
His troops moved along the coast and captured Goliad
They were surrounded by Spanish troops and surrendered
Long was taken to Mexico City, where he was killed by a guard

57. Section 3 Spanish Rule Ends in Texas
After independence from Spain, Mexicans and settlers in Texas maintained cultural ties to their places of origin
Pages

60. Texas at the End of Spain’s Rule
In September 1821, Mexico became independent from Spain
Texas was part of this new country
In the 300 years Spain ruled Texas, there had been little growth
Only three settlements—San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches—stood in Texas’s interior
San Antonio, the capital and largest town, had more than 2,000 people (p. 151)
Goliad and Nacogdoches were nearly deserted
A few settlements existed along Texas’s several borders
Laredo was not considered to be a part of Texas
Settlers in Ysleta (near El Paso) were governed by Spanish authorities in New Mexico (p. 151)
Settlers in Pecan Point and Jonesborough considered themselves part of the Arkansas Territory, which belonged to the US

61. Spanish Neglect (1 of 2)
Spain had been unable to attract many Spanish settlers to Texas for several reasons
No gold or silver
From as early as the 1500s (1519), Mexico City had developed into sophisticated city with universities, artists, physicians, and all the comforts of civilized societies
To get ahead, men knew they had to be in Mexico City instead of a remote province like Texas
Mexico and the Pacific slopes of California were more fertile
There was plenty of land and peaceful Native Americans willing to work the fields and tend the livestock
In Texas, most Native Americans remained unfriendly or showed little interest in Spanish culture and religion

62. Spanish Neglect (2 of 2)
Thus, Texas was not high on Spain’s list of priorities
Antonio Martinez became governor in 1817
He described poor conditions in San Antonio, including:
hungry troops
an empty storehouse
no money from the paymaster
He claimed he needed additional troops to defend Spain’s interests in Texas p. 152

64. Spanish Legacy
Despite not populating Texas, Spain left its mark on Texas
Cities, rivers, and bays bear names derived from the Spanish language
The El Camino Real was a road that connected Nacogdoches, San Antonio, and Saltillo. The Royal Highway (p. 153)
The Atascocita Road was used for military purposes by 1760
This trail went through the area where the cities of Beaumont, Liberty, and Houston are located. Today, Highway 90 follows a similar route.
Settlers brought horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs into Texas
Texans used the Spanish ranching system, with its practices, methods, and equipment, such as lariats and chaps
Vaqueros made the first long cattle drives from South Texas to markets in Louisiana
Tejanos adapted Spanish customs to frontier conditions p. 153
The story of the Spanish settlers did not end when Mexico gained its independence
Many remained in Texas while others from Mexico migrated later
Nearly six million Texans today have Spanish names
Many more speak, read, and write Spanish

65. El Camino Real

66. Atascocito Road

68. You must answer two The third is for extra credit
Essay Questions
You must answer two
The third is for extra credit

69. Explain the influence Spanish culture had on Texas (p. 153)
Spaniards brought their language, architecture, system of law and government, and religion to Texas
Rivers, cities, and roads bear Spanish names.
Also, Spaniards mapped and explored vast lands in Texas.

70. The US surrendered all claims to Texas
Explain the origin of the Adams-Onis Treaty, its terms, and how it affected the Neutral Ground. (p. 142)
The Adams-Onis Treaty settled a border dispute between the US and Spain
The terms of the treaty transferred Florida to the US and made the Sabine River the eastern boundary of Texas
The US surrendered all claims to Texas
The Neutral Ground was now US territory

71. France was no longer a colonial power
Why did the signing of the Treaty of Paris cause four East Texas missions to close and the settlers to relocate? (p )
The Treaty of Paris suddenly changed the balance of power in the Americas
France was no longer a colonial power
Spain received New Orleans and all lands west of the Mississippi