1. 3. Individual Behavior

2. Tujuan Pengajaran Perbedaan-perbedaan individu
Variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi perilaku individu
Sikap, persepsi, kepribadian dan pembelajaran

3. INDIVIDUAL-BEHAVIOR FRAMEWORK
The Environment
Work
- Job design
- Organizational structure
- Policies and rules
- Leadership
- Reward and sanctions
- Resource
Non Work
- Family
- Economics
- Leisure and hobbies
The Individual
Abilities and skills
Family background
Personality
Perception
Attitude
Attributions
Learning capacity
Age
Race
Sex
Experience
Behaviors
Problem-solving
Thinking process
Communication
- Talking
- Listening
Obsevations
Movement
Outcomes
Performance
- Long term
- Short term
Personal development
Relations with other
Satisfaction
Source : Gibson

4. PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN INDIVIDU
Ability
A biological or learned trait that permits a person
to do something mental or physical
Skill
Task – related competencies
Demographics
- GENDER DIFFERENCES
- RACIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Source : Gibson

5. VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI
PERILAKU INDIVIDU
Attitudes
Perception
Personality
Learning
Attribution
Ability
Source : Gibson

6. The Three Components of Attitudes
Mental states of readiness for need arousal
The Three Components of Attitudes
Stimuli :
Attitudes :
Outcomes :
Work factors
Job design
Manager style
Company policies
Technology
Salary
Fringe benefit
Components
Effect
Cognition
Behavior
Responses
Emotional;
Statement about liking
Perceptual;
Statement about belief
Action;
Statement about behavior
Source : Gibson

7. 2. Perception
The process by which an individual gives meaning to the environment. It involves organization and interpreting various stimuli into psychological experience
Source : Gibson

8. The Perceptual Process
The person’s perceptual process:
Organizing and translating
Reality in work organization
Factors influencing perception
Stereotyping
Selectivity
Self concept
Situation
Needs
Emotions
Outcomes
Stimuli (e.g., the organization’s reward system, the style of persuasion used by a supervisor, the work flow)
A response behavior
Evaluation and interpretation of reality
Observation of the stimuli
Attitudes formed
Source : Gibson

9. Perceptual Differences and Behavior
Freedom worker
is given
Manager’s perception
Worker has a lot of freedom to make decisions
Worker’s perception
I am not given freedom to make decision
Manager’s behavior
No concern about freedom given to worker
Worker’s behavior
Feeling of being left out staying home
Manager’s behavior
Puzzled by the absence record of worker
Worker’s behavior
Belief that no one really cares
Source : Gibson

10. Some Major Forces Influencing Personality
Stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine commonalities and differences in people’s behavior
Some Major Forces Influencing Personality
Cultural forces
Hereditary forces
Social class and other group membership forces
The
Individual’s
Personality
Family relationships force
Source : Gibson

11. Theory of Personality 1. Trait Personality Theories
Based on the premise that predispositions direct the behavior of an individual in a consistent pattern
2. Psychodynamic Personality Theories
Freudian approach that discusses the id, superego, and ego. Special emphasis is placed on unconscious determinants of behavior
3. Humanistic Personality Theories
Place emphasis on growth and self-actualization of people
Source : Gibson

12. Humanistic Personality Theories
1. Measuring Personality Characteristics
Personality tests
Personality test used to measure emotional, motivational, interpersonal, and attitude characteristics that make up a person’s personality
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A widely used survey for assessing personality
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A scale that assesses personality or cognitive style. Respondents’ answers are scored and interpreted to classify them as extroverted or introverted, sensory or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and perceiving or judging
Source : Gibson

13. 2. Personality Personality Characteristics
Locus of Control
A personality characteristic that describes people who see the control of their lives as coming from inside them selves as internalizes. People who believe that their lives are controlled by external factor are externalizes
Self-Efficacy
The belief that one can perform adequately in a situation. Self efficacy has three dimensions; magnitude, strength, and generality
Creativity
Machiavellianism
A term used to describe political maneuvers in an organization. Used to designate a person as a manipulator and power abuser
Source : Gibson

14. 4. Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that accurs as a result of experience
Source : Stephen P. Robbins

15. Theories of Learning 1. Classical conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response
2. Operant conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment
3. Social Learning
People can learn through observation and direct experience
Source : Stephen P. Robbins

16. 5. Attribution Dispositional Attributions Situational Attributions
The process of perceiving causes of behavior and out comes
Dispositional Attributions
Emphasize some aspect of individual, such as ability or skill,
to explain behavior
Situational Attributions
Attributions that emphasize the environment’s effect behavior

17. 6. Ability Intellectual ability Physical ability
An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job
Intellectual ability
That required to do mental activities
Physical ability
That required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength and similar characteristics
Source : Stephen P. Robbins